The Pulmonary Fabric In A Circle Appears -,

The pulmonary fabric in a circle appears -, in "dry" cavities there are the contents forming - levels. Treatment: operation make mainly at - complicated . In the presence of sharply developed strained it is shown urgent to a pleural cavity - from the subsequent constant vacuum-aspiratsiej. If last does not manage to be reached a lung during 2 - 3 days, it is expedient to make which gives the chance to find out a source of receipt of air in a pleural cavity and to eliminate it. It can be reached and - bandaging of the bronchial tube opening in , a resection or lung parts. At a suppuration make with maximum not amazed pulmonary fabric. The same operation should be executed at huge pulmonary . At plural the unique method conducting to radical treatment, the resection of the amazed - part of a lung that happens at unilateral - defeats is--. At contra-indications and radical operation spend - conservative treatment by the general principles of therapy of purulent diseases - of lungs. THE LUNG a lung represents a stage - of development tape worms (Echinococcus granulosus) which definitive owner are house (Dogs, cats) and some wild animals.

Indications To Surgical Intervention: A - Toxic Craw

Indications to surgical intervention: a - toxic craw of the average and heavy form, a central toxic craw ( an adenoma), the big craw squeezing bodies of a neck irrespective of weight . Before operation - it is necessary to lead to thyroid gland function to a condition. Contra-indications to surgical intervention: easy forms , at the old exhausted patients in connection with the big operational risk, at patients with irreversible - changes of a liver, kidneys, cardiovascular and mental - diseases. At and a multinodal toxic craw make bilateral subtotal a - thyroid gland resection-, at a toxic adenoma - A resection of a corresponding - share of gland. Postoperative complications. Intraoperatsionnye complications-: bleedings, air , damage of a returnable nerve, removal or damage of parathyroid glands with the - subsequent development . At damage of both returnable nerves at the patient comes - sharp and only immediate tracheas or can rescue the patient. At patients in the postoperative period the - most dangerous complication - development a crisis.

The Surface Of An Edge Turned To A

The surface of an edge turned to a pleura, a cartilage, a clavicle or a breast , is exposed to purulent fusion. Then the fistula with purulent separated, containing a tuberculosis is formed. Clinic and diagnostics: in the anamnesis - transferred before dry or a pleurisy; the body temperature -, on the limited site of edges or a cartilage, a clavicle or a breast is defined a thickening, local morbidity. The skin does not change long time. Treatment: antitubercular therapy (streptomycin, , etc.), treatment, a puncture of an abscess and pus. At failure of therapy - removal of the amazed edge and a course. a chest wall develops again at distribution of process of a lung on a pleura, muscles and bones of a chest - wall. Clinic and diagnostics: in a chest wall it is defined - dense to which the skin of bagrovo-cyanotic colour is soldered. Small abscesses, fistulas with the poor separated are often formed. In pus at microscopy find and a fungus. Treatment: by the general principles of treatment (, , etc.

In The Presence Of Inflammatory Process In A

In the presence of inflammatory process in a bronchial tube wall last - changes the properties, same - inflammatory processes in lungs at which intrapulmonary bronchial nerve ganglions can be surprised promote-. The bronchial tube wall loses a tone, becomes Infringement of drainage function - of bronchial tubes causes cough which is accompanied - by increase of intrabronchial pressure. As a result of the specified factors are formed . At corking of a bronchial tube by a foreign matter, infringement - of its passableness - owing to a hypostasis of a mucous membrane, etc. develops a lung, its share or a segment. At sufficient duration a lung the lung part is wrinkled, accrues negative pressure that along with increase of intrabronchial pressure can promote expansion of trailer departments of bronchial tubes. Such way, possibly, develop , combined with a lung. slime in the expanded bronchial tubes and infection development in turn cause an inflammation of a mucous membrane of a bronchial tube and fabrics, fleecy bronchial tubes in multilayered flat, and loss elements walls of bronchial tubes.

From Within The Alveolus Single-layered Alveolar , Located

From within the alveolus single-layered alveolar , located on to a membrane, a wall basis makes a fabric from collagenic fibres. On a layer is the membrane of a capillary and it Thus, the blood proceeding on vessels, is separated from air which is in alveoluses, very thin partition through which gas exchange is carried out. Blood circulation in lungs: the blue blood from the top and bottom hollow veins gets in right , and then through a pulmonary artery and its branches - to lungs. To each bronchial tube there corresponds a branch of a pulmonary artery which and together with bronchial tubes and eventually breaks up to the pulmonary capillaries shrouding alveoluses At this level there is an exchange of gases then the - arterial blood enriched - by oxygen arrives from capillaries in lung veins. Each lung has two pulmonary veins top and bottom which join the left auricle-, whence blood rich with oxygen arrives in left and then in the big circle of blood circulation. Walls of bronchial tubes and a lung fabric are supplied with arterial blood from bronchial arteries.

Treatment: Results Of Conservative Treatment Of Chronic Abscesses

Treatment: results of conservative treatment of chronic abscesses of lungs are not very comforting Application of antibiotics, improvement of conditions promote the - process aggravations-, however remaining morphological changes - stir to treatment In this connection in the absence of the contra-indications caused by accompanying diseases or old age of patients, calling into question possibility processes, at chronic abscesses of lungs operation is shown. The absolute indication to operation are repeated pulmonary - bleedings, the intoxication At chronic abscesses is effective only radical operation - - removal of a share of a lung or all lung. - it is not justified, as a dense capsule of a chronic - abscess, changes of a pulmonary fabric in its circle - will interfere with cavity liquidation. Preparation for operation should be spent under the same scheme on which treatment of patients with sharp abscesses of lungs Before operation is spent it is necessary to remove the sharp inflammatory phenomena, to achieve quantity reduction , to eliminate on r\shenija an albuminous exchange, hydroionic frustration, to improve warm activity, to raise functionality of system of breath of Operation spend under a narcosis For and pus from an abscess in bronchial tubes departments application special tubes of Karlensa, Mejdzhila, Gordon, Green is necessary.

In The Absence Of - Complications At Find

In the absence of - complications at find out the roundish form a thin-walled cavity with the big or smaller quantity - of contents. At presence against not changed pulmonary fabric there are sites, on the structure reminding "beer - honeycombs". The surrounding pulmonary fabric, as a rule, has no and fibrous change, and the pleural cavity is free from pleural unions. The greatest difficulty - is represented by the diagnosis if it is filled by contents. For - specification of character of a spherical shade in a lung, revealed in this case, additional methods of research can be demanded. At and it is possible to find out that - not changed bronchial and vascular branches bend around roundish formation in a lung. The definitive diagnosis quite often put only - at . At plural the definitive diagnosis can be put at . - freely fills plural cavities while the - bronchial tree and a pulmonary fabric in the neighbourhood with cavities - appear not changed. The joined infection alters a radiological picture.

A Complex - Of The Formations Located Between

A complex - of the formations located between pleural bags from sides, a breast in front, a backbone behind and a diaphragm part from below, name -. Trachea and bronchial tubes. At level of VI VII cervical vertebras the throat passes in a trachea. The trachea - a piece of a respiratory tube from a throat to the main bronchial tubes the Throat, except , provides the prevention in a - trachea of alien particles, plays large role in the cough mechanism. The trachea - fibro-muskuljarnaja a tube of average 10 - 12 sm and 13 - 22 mm its Gleam remains width thanks to presence in a wall 15 - 20 the cartilages occupying 2/3,4/5 its circles both forming forward and lateral departments the Back department is called as a webby part. Between cartilages are located sheaves Outside a trachea it is covered by a case, from within - fur-trees a cover which is settling down on friable a layer In last are follicles and tubular glands, I produce a belkovo-mucous secret. The podslizistyj layer without sharp border passes in dense cartilages.

Clinic And Diagnostics: Not Complicated Proceed Is More

Clinic and diagnostics: not complicated proceed is more often. Only huge usually cause - chest pains, cough, sometimes a short wind, occasionally . The clinical semiology appears at following - complications: 1) at rupture when develops spontaneous ; 2) in cases when passableness - opening in a cavity a bronchial tube is broken-. Quite often thus arises - the mechanism owing to which air arrives in , but back completely does not leave. quickly increases - in sizes, the lung fabric is squeezed, come displacement - and the frustration of breath connected with it and - warm activity; 3) at . (or ) sharply changes disease semiology. At the patient the body temperature raises, the - general condition worsens-, there is a cough with mucous or mucopurulent , is quite often observed . Sometimes patients mark chest pains. The data received at research of patients, depends on the sizes , character of its contents, complications-. The most valuable information, helping to diagnose-, gives radiological research.

Can Develop Owing To Congenital - Absence Of

can develop owing to congenital - absence of a ferruterous fabric or secretion infringement a hypophysis. meets at 10 - 15 % of feeding women. - Distinguish primary and secondary . At primary gipo-laktii the insufficient quantity of milk from the very beginning is after the delivery marked. At secondary milk allocation in the postnatal period gradually decreases or absolutely - stops. Functional - insufficiency of mammary glands, the diseases of mother connected with pregnancy, care of mammary glands, - cracks of nipples, a mastitis can be the reasons --. Overfatigue, - dream infringement, a mental trauma matter also-. - spontaneous allocation of milk out of a - physiological lactation. can be moderated, plentiful-, unilateral, bilateral. In a basis infringement of function - of a hypophysis (long secretion , ) or decrease activity lies-. Women, as a rule, do not test any anxieties, swelling of mammary glands, dull aches is sometimes marked. At plentiful allocation of milk or a colostrum the skin portable radio set, can develop .

Operation At A Lung Cancer Has A Number

Operation at a lung cancer has a number of the features caused - by necessity of measures of preventive maintenance , and . At manipulations on the amazed lung - emission in a vascular channel of cancer cages and considerably increases - that quite often leads to a tumour. - Preventive maintenance during operation should consist in preliminary (at the very beginning of operation after an operability establishment) bandaging of the veins bearing blood from amazed departments of a lung. Expediently intra - and postoperative - application , - cancer cages reducing biological - activity. Preventive maintenance consists - in careful sanitation of a bronchial tree during operation that is reached by application for a narcosis intuba-tsionnyh tubes through which channels various make and slime from the healthy and amazed - lung, processing of a bronchial tree and a pleura cytostatic preparations. Preventive maintenance is reached by removal together with a lung or a share of its lymph nodes of two very short steps .

Pay Attention To Development Of Mammary Glands, Their

Pay attention to development of mammary glands, their size, the form, level of standing of mammary glands and , symmetry, a condition of a skin, nipples, (vascular drawing, skin colouring, presence , deformations, , the form and contours of a nipple and ). make in position of the patient standing, lying on a back and to a side. Research begin with superficial , finger-tips investigate area , then peripheral - departments of a mammary gland consistently, beginning from - (, , ). In the same sequence make - deep . At first palpate a healthy mammary gland-. At revealing formations define its sizes, a consistence, a surface, mobility in relation to a skin. After survey and mammary glands make axillary lymph nodes, and areas. The patient should weaken hands, - is live them to itself on a waist or on shoulders of the investigating-. At palpation - lymph nodes it is better to stand behind the sick; the patient should - incline slightly a - head towards inspection for a relaxation gru-dinokljuchichno-sostsevidnoj muscles.

The Negative Answer Does Not Exclude Possibility Of

The negative answer does not exclude possibility of presence - of a malignant tumour, therefore the definitive answer in these cases can be received after histologic research of the remote sector containing formation. it is necessary to make in establishment where - radical operation can be in case of need executed-. Detection - at cancer cages gives the chance to prove the plan of treatment of the patient before operation. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND - a total absence of both mammary glands, - unilateral absence of gland. At one gland can appear the second - . The increase in quantity of nipples or - mammary glands is observed seldom. Additional mammary glands or additional dummies settle down - from hollows to areas, but are most often localised in hollows. In the period, during pregnancy and a lactation they bulk up, become painful. In additional mammary glands more often, than in normal, good-quality and malignant tumours develop . Treatment: the surgical. At additional mammary glands them delete, concerning other anomalies do plastic operations.

). The Big Role In The Disease Beginning Belongs

). The big role in the disease beginning belongs . Antibiotics enter intravenously in the big doses taking into account sensitivity of flora. In the absence of effect from at antibiotics appoint , - preparations. For struggle with respiratory , the caused changes in a pulmonary fabric and bad , imposing for introduction of medicinal - substances and cough stimulation is shown-, at its inconsistency - spend usual . Dezintoksikatsionnaja therapy introduction solutions and low-molecular to 3 5 l/days transfusions of plasma, amino acids, appointment of vitamins, cardiacs, Are necessary. Immune therapy includes transfusions - antistaphylococcal plasma (to 10 times), transfusion of fresh blood from staphylococcal donors, introduction - IgG (globulin scale) daily on 2 - 3 times a day to 10 doses on course of treatment. During the period recommends staphylococcal . Consider that can utilise pulmonary and pulmonary that conducts to - lung destruction-, therefore it is expedient - to include intravenous introductions in a complex of medical actions - every other day on 500 ml - fatty ( or ), bacterial enzymes blocking a part.

Product Activity Of Glands Is Which With Plays

Product activity of glands is which with plays a dominant role in regulation of a kaltsievo-phosphoric exchange. Okoloshchitovidnye glands support the constant maintenance of calcium in blood by means of a hormone influencing on all three of body of a kaltsievo-phosphoric exchange: bones, kidneys, intestines. makes active - which pass in and cause strengthened bones and skeleton bones. As a result in blood the - calcium considerable quantity arrives-, than speaks and . At under action in nephritic - surplus of calcium chokes also is deduced with urine from an organism. - oppresses phosphorus in departments nephritic and strengthens - it in departments. It also strengthens calcium in intestines. Its action is opposite to effect of vitamin D which - promotes passage of ions of calcium through intestines wall. Thus, - insufficiency leads , and - to fall of level of calcium and phosphorus in urine. Hormone hypersecretion causes heavy infringements of a mineral exchange, and then defeat of bones and kidneys.

- Lungs, Judging By The Majority Of The

- lungs, judging by the majority of the statistical data, - makes 1 2 % from all chronic purulent diseases of lungs though some researchers consider this percent equal 15 20 At some patients the beginning of its development it is possible to connect with a trauma. Thorax or presence of inflammatory process in a lung that conducts to infringement of sanitation of lungs from available in - respiratory ways . Pathological anatomy: - represents , developed round the fungus which has taken root into a fabric. Fungus growth is accompanied by powerful development of a fibrous - fabric owing to what the centre forms very dense and (at germination of a chest wall and integuments) . Among a dense cicatricial fabric in it the centres of purulent fusion containing - of a fungus are located-. Clinic and diagnostics: most often the sick - neuralgic pains in a shoulder and a shovel, sometimes presence of "fire morbidity" on the limited site of a thorax according to a place of defeat of a lung disturb painful cough with poor , -.

Neck Borders Top - Passes On A Bottom Edge

Neck borders top - passes on a bottom edge of the bottom jaw through top a shoot to an external occipital hillock, bottom - passes on to a breast cutting, clavicles and further to an awned shoot of VII cervical vertebra which is easily palpated at a ducking. Neck departments: forward department - or a neck in the narrow sense of the word, back department - area. In back area of a neck along with cervical department of a backbone muscles beginning from it with their vessels and nerves are located. In forward area of a neck neck bodies are located. The throat passing in a trachea, to a trachea in front and from sides a thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, and behind a throat and a trachea is a drink, proceeding in a gullet. In neck departments pass carotids, internal veins and wandering nerves. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (torticollis) - the deformation of a neck accompanied - by wrong position of a head. Distinguish , caused by a dislocation or an incomplete dislocation of cervical vertebras; hypoplastic - connected with trapezoid and grudinokljuchichno-sostsevidnoj muscles; , caused by cicatricial changes of a skin of a neck; , developing - at decrease in hearing and sight owing to the compelled position of a head; bone - caused by defeat of vertebras-; - developing at defeat of nervously-muscular - formations of a neck; reflex and spastic, connected with reduction of muscles of a neck of one party.

Defect Consists Available Functioning Shunts At Level And

Defect consists available functioning shunts at level and or larger vessels aneurysms or conglomerates vessels on type Sometimes are thus formed. Distinguish localised and defeats. - Owing to presence shunts there is a dump blood from pulmonary arteries in veins. The basic symptom of disease , shown by a short wind, sharp , change of fingers of hands in the form of - drum-type sticks. The diagnosis, aneurysms - helps a diagnosis establishment - research with increase or . Treatment: last years at fistulas and aneurysms of lungs with success apply - operations Using a technique on Seldingeru, spend special to area aneurysms or and enter special with a ball of threads a blood clot Formed thus conducts to closing Dump blood in a pulmonary vein stops, there comes recover By means of such technique it is possible to achieve liquidation of several fistulas and an aneurysm, lungs localised in various departments. At failure interventions and localisations in one share of a lung the resection of its amazed part is shown.

Primary Tumours Start With A Wall Of A

Primary tumours start with a wall of a trachea and can be good-quality and malignant. Develop more often at the main bronchial tubes on a webby part. To good-quality tumours of a trachea carry a papilloma, a fibroma, , an adenoma, to malignant a cancer, to tsilind-rum and a sarcoma. Malignant tumours of a trachea make 0,1 0,2 % of all malignant new growths; are more often observed - at men. Clinic and diagnostics: most often sick with tumours complain of the cough amplifying at - change of position of a body and displacement of a trachea at its palpation. Cough can be dry or with which at tumour disintegration accepts putrefactive character. it is observed - usually in the form of blood proveins, arises as a late symptom is more often, however at can be intensive and - is the basic symptom of disease. Later, usually at narrowing of a gleam of a trachea on 2/3, there are other symptoms: voice change, difficulty of the breath sometimes accepting character , a short wind. The short wind happens is more often that distinguishes it from a short wind at a bronchial - asthma.

The Mastitopodobnyj Cancer Is Shown By Body Rise

The mastitopodobnyj cancer is shown by body rise in temperature, mammary gland increase in sizes, a hypostasis, skin. Illness quickly progresses, early there are metastasises. The diagnosis confirms . the cancer is shown by mammary gland consolidation, it , skin with rough-, edges, local rise in temperature of a skin. The tumoral knot does not come to light at . Cancer cages extend mainly on intraskin - lymphatic vessels (cancer ). Armour-clad cancer. Tumoral at this form of a cancer extends on a ferruterous fabric, a skin and hypodermic - a mammary gland, sometimes on the second mammary gland. The mammary gland is reduced in sizes, is mobile, the skin over it is condensed, a surface rough, reminds an armour. Cancer of Pedzheta. Meets in 3 - 5 % of supervision of a cancer of a mammary gland. The tumour develops from lacteal channels and on them extends towards a nipple, amazes a skin of a nipple and . Further goes and on lacteal channels to depth of a mammary gland, there is a cancer knot in a mammary gland.