The Important Indicator Is Also The - Oxygen

The important indicator is also the - oxygen operating ratio - as he specifies on possibilities - of alveoljarno-capillary membranes. It is equal in norm 40. On the basis of the specified indicators (tab. 2), and also - researches with 133 (see above) can be defined degree - of respiratory insufficiency that is of great importance at the decision - of a question on operation possibility on lungs. Research reactance. Any heavy infection, a surgical trauma, postoperative complication cause deficiency of immune system. Are thus oppressed Table 2 the Clinical and laboratory characteristic of degrees of respiratory insufficiency Symptoms and indicators Degree of respiratory insufficiency IIIIII In time and after movements, short-term After a lung physical in rest Number breath in rest 16-24, at physical activity increase on 10 - 12 in a minute, quickly - to norm (not later than through 7 mines) Lasts longer 24-28 at physical on , increase on 12 - 16 in minute, - restoration 30 and is more in a minute Loading - UtomljaemostNastupaet is sharp Depth rest the normal.

It Is Possible To Allocate Two Stages The

It is possible to allocate two stages the first for which presence in one or both easy sites , not having clear boundary is characteristic. For metastatic - secondary - presence plural various size of the centres atelektaza-infiltratsii the First stage of disease is characteristic - at a lightning current passes in the second stage a stage a pulmonary fabric in the first 2 days Clinic and diagnostics: proceeds hard In the beginning of its disease difficultly to distinguish from a sepsis of Auskultativnaja a picture often poor and does not reflect heavy change in lungs. The greatest value for disease diagnostics has - radiological research at which reveal consolidation in one or several shares (more often in bottom and average), and also - presence plural shades in lungs At defeat of segments of one share of a lung is defined the triangular - shade corresponding to the amazed share, - purulent . Treatment: should be active and complex. At - secondary treatment should be directed first of all on liquidation of a primary source of an infection (opening and - an abscess in a mammary gland, a belly cavity, osteomie-liticheskogo the centre, etc.

The Intermediate Owner, I.e. The Carrier Stages -,

The intermediate owner, i.e. The carrier stages -, are large and a small cattle, pigs, rabbits-, monkeys and the person. Germs tape worms get to lungs from a stomach and a small intestine a way through a chest channel or through short zheludochno-pishchevodnye the veins serving - between and hollow veins. . At the overwhelming majority of patients - a lung meets in a kind (one- or multichamber) forms. On frequency of defeat - lungs take the second place after defeat of a liver and - are observed at 10 - 20 % of the patients amazed . Pathological anatomy: mature consists of two layers - external, or chitinous, and internal-, germinal. The chitinous layer is as though an armour and consists from fibres with sites . From internal-, germinal, covers grow (affiliated) capsules from them . This layer possesses boundless - ability to reproduction and an organism. It allocates a liquid, characteristic for . In reply to the local reaction caused by a parasite, round a chitinous cover the cover named a fibrous capsule is formed .

The Definitive Diagnosis Can Be Put Only At

The definitive diagnosis can be put only at which should be conducted under the control - of radiological research or ultrasonic scanning. When special methods of research do not give possibility to diagnose, carry out at - which make . In case of acknowledgement - of good-quality character of a tumour make its removal with the - minimum part of a lung (regional or. a - lung resection-, ). Sometimes it is possible to remove only a tumour without a lung resection. LUNG CANCER Disease of a lung cancer last decades - has sharply increased in the majority of the countries of the world. It is especially great in Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, the USA. In structure of oncological - diseases in the USA the cancer occupies the second (after a - mammary gland cancer-) a place. In the USSR - the fourth (after a cancer of a stomach, a uterus, a skin). On 100000 population annually in our country falls ill with a cancer of a lung 24 - 25 persons. At the age of 40 - 50 years fall ill 25 % of patients, at the age of 50 - 60 years - 50 %.

In Process Of Progressing Of Disease The Pain

In process of progressing of disease the pain amplifies, increases a - mammary gland hypostasis, there are skin, - painful increased axillary lymph nodes, a - body temperature high, a fever. In the blood analysis , - increased . Transition of a serous mastitis in and in the purulent occurs further quickly (for 4 - 5 days). Extremely the - grave condition is observed at a mastitis: the body temperature raises to 40 - 41�, pulse becomes frequent to 120 - 130 in a minute, the mammary gland is increased in volume, its skin with sites , and Expressed with shift of the formula of white blood to the left In urine is defined fiber. At a heavy current of a mastitis a cart sepsis development, pleurae is possible. Treatment: conservative in an initial stage of a sharp mastitis (raised position of a mammary gland, milk a milk pump, taking into account - sensitivity of microflora). Crops of milk for the decision of a question on possibility to continue feeding of the child are obligatory. As a rule, feeding by the amazed mammary gland stop because of possible development in the child of a stomatitis, an enteritis, -.

Absence Of Temperature - Reaction Testifies Usually To

Absence of temperature - reaction testifies usually to areactivity of an organism, however can be and at development against treatment of a pneumonia by antibiotics. At thorax research mark backlog - of its amazed half at breath. Intercostal intervals - are expanded and smoothed owing to pressure and relaxations - of intercostal muscles. Palpation allows to add the - data received at survey. At comparison of two folds of the skin taken on symmetric places of both half of a thorax, it is possible to notice that on the amazed party a skin fold - slightly more thickly, and research is more painful. At empyema necessitatis and formation phlegmons soft fabrics of a thorax in the field of beginning break of pus from a pleura become dense, in this area is painful. Subsequently there is a - fluctuation symptom-. Research of vocal trembling helps to spend the - differential diagnosis between the limited forms of a purulent pleurisy and a pneumonia. Easing or absence of vocal trembling always corresponds to a congestion .

At Position Of Gland Research Is Better -

At position of gland research is better - for spending in position of the patient lying with the pillow enclosed under shoulders. The basic exchange is the focusing test in diagnostics of infringements of function of a thyroid gland. It define - by means of indirect , based on calculation of quantity of the absorbed oxygen and carbonic acid formation. In norm the basic exchange makes +10 %. Level iodine in blood reflects the - valid functional condition of a thyroid gland. At - healthy people in blood makes 3,5 - 7,5 mkg. Research with radioactive substances allows - to study inorganic and organic phases of an iodic exchange, to judge a peripheral stage of an iodic and hormonal exchange. In norm accumulation _131 in a thyroid gland through 2 makes from 5 to 10 %, through 24 20 - 30 %. At the raised function - of a thyroid gland it is considerable above. allows to define contours and the sizes - of a thyroid gland (fig. 2) to reveal formations and metastasises, a fabric. At a central craw the raised accumulation in _131 knot specifies in its functional - hyperactivity (so-called "hot" knot).

Strongly Expressed - Osteoporosis With Full Or Partial

Strongly expressed - osteoporosis with full or partial flattening of chest and lumbar vertebras is observed-. Often it is combined with a stomach ulcer and a - duodenal gut, (the section "Peptichesky ulcer" see). The diagnosis put on the basis of the anamnesis, the characteristic symptoms-, given radiological research and laboratory indicators , and . glands with the help 57 - allows to define a site of gland and to specify its - morphological changes. Treatment: a unique radical method of treatment - removal . . The disease caused by insufficiency . The reasons : inflammatory diseases - glands, a hemorrhage during a trauma, congenital inferiority, casual removal at a thyroid gland resection. Clinic and diagnostics: it is characterised - by attacks of tonic spasms. More often spasms arise - in face muscles, the top finitenesses, grasping symmetric - groups of muscles. Spasms are accompanied by the belly-aches caused by a spasm of muscles of a belly wall and smooth - muscles of intestines.

Further The Tumour Can Extend In Three Directions-:

Further the tumour can extend in three directions-: 1) in a bronchial tube gleam, forming growths; 2) in-filters a bronchial tube wall, extending on it as in a direction - of larger, and smaller bronchial tubes; 3) - sprouting between rings, extends then peri-bronhialno and forms tumoral knot or branches on a course of bronchial branches and vessels. On localisation a lung divide on central (starting with the main, share and segmentary bronchial tubes) and peripheral (starting with smaller bronchial tubes). Approximately at 60 % of patients the cancer is localised in the top departments - of lungs. Mark the central cancer more often, however at - some patients this cancer to carry to peripheral, sprouted in a large bronchial tube (so-called centralisation - of a peripheral cancer) more correctly-. The central cancer subdivide on two basic forms: en-dobronhialnyj ( and ), (central, branched out). Peripheral cancer divide into four forms: to an intradale-voi knot, subpleural tumours (including a cancer of a top - of a lung, or "a tumour of Pankosta"), the form, mi-liarnuju and forms.

As Additional Influence Apply Remote Gamma Therapy, Implantation

As additional influence apply remote gamma therapy, implantation in a fabric of a tumour of radioactive preparations - cobalt, iridium. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF LUNGS Developmental anomalies of lungs can be formed both in the period, and within the first years of a life . Distinguish: 1) developmental anomalies of a bronchial tree and pulmonary ; 2) developmental anomalies of vessels of a lung DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF BRONCHIAL TUBES AND THE LUNG (a lung total absence) and (absence of a lung in the presence of the rudimentary bronchial tube which is coming to an end blindly) can be one- and bilateral These defects - are incompatible with life, meet seldom. and shares meet even less often, special treatment do not demand. - all lung or its share; - distinguish simple and forms. At the simple form the lung or its share are reduced in sizes, bronchial tubes are narrowed At reveal blood-groove pauperisation in 3 - 4 times in comparison with norm At to the form, besides, mark expansion of segmentary and subsegmentary bronchial tubes, sharp reduction of volume pulmonary .

It Connect To The Tube Lowered Under Water

It connect to the tube lowered under water with the valve on the end. The valve can be made of a finger of a rubber glove; it - provides dump of air from a pleura under water. The valve guarantees from air in the opposite direction - in a pleural cavity. Any vacuum-device providing negative pressure in 20 - 30 sm of waters can be applied also. The item to Use the vacuum-aspiratory, creating high negative - pressure, at spontaneous does not follow, as it can cause a hypostasis of lungs. For the prevention pleurae enter antibiotics into a pleural cavity or antiseptics. It is more 4 a drainage do not recommend to hold, as after that term it starts to serve as entrance collars for an infection. At failure vacuum-aspiratsii, presence nonremovable -, found out the big changes in lungs operation is shown. It ' wide torako-tomii, careful defects of a pulmonary fabric, a resection of the sites amazed or . After careful check recommend by means of a scalpel or gauze - tampons to remove blankets with - and pleurae that promotes to a surface of a lung with a chest wall and by that warns relapses .

In Places Are Available - Cavities With And

In places are available - cavities with and cicatricial regeneration of a pulmonary fabric. Walls the expanded bronchial tubes smooth, are covered flat -. Last in places absolutely is absent and - is replaced by a fabric. In some places in expansions are visible . Distinguish three stages of development : in I stage - of change are limited to expansion of small bronchial tubes to diameter 0,5 - 1,5 Walls of bronchial tubes cylindrical see. Cavities of the expanded bronchial tubes are filled by slime. Suppurations in this stage are not present. In II stage inflammatory changes in walls - of bronchial tubes and a suppuration join-. The expanded bronchial tubes contain pus. Integrity is broken, cylindrical - multilayered flat with Places it in places is replaced , are formed a mucous membrane In a layer the cicatricial connecting fabric develops. In III stage process of bronchial tubes passes to surrounding pulmonary fabric with development of a pneumosclerosis Bronchial tubes are considerably expanded, in them walls there are phenomena and inflammations with powerful development of a sclerosis peribron-hialnoj a connecting fabric.

At It Is Necessary To Differentiate With Malignant

at it is necessary to differentiate with malignant - which connect with defeat - of an intermediate brain and superfluous production a hormone of a forward share of a hypophysis. Malignant it is observed mainly at people of middle age, there can be one- and bilateral. an eyeball reaches such - degree that occurs it from an orbit. Patients are disturbed - by severe pains in the field of an orbit, and restriction of movement of eyes. Presence and especially with bent to and to cornea disintegration is characteristic. Change of intraorbital pressure leads to changes of an optic nerve up to its atrophy. Special methods of research. The basic exchange at is raised and at - its heavy - forms can exceed +60 %. - Absorption of iodine - by a thyroid gland is sharply increased - in comparison with norm, especially - during the first hours researches. In blood of patients - maintenance T3, 4 and is raised-. shows - distribution - of accumulation of an isotope and gives the chance to spend the differential diagnosis - between a - craw and an adenoma at which "the hot knot".

Leads To Formation - Of Full And Incomplete

leads to formation - of full and incomplete fistulas. At full fistulas there is an external and internal aperture. The internal aperture settles down - in palatal , external - on a neck more often-; the last often happens openly already at a birth of the child. Treatment: surgical - or together with a course and a site of a hypoglossal bone (at median -) after preliminary a course dark blue. DAMAGES OF BODIES OF THE NECK Damages of bodies of a neck grow out of a stupid trauma, wounds (chipped, , fire), burns. Damages of large arteries are accompanied by a massive bleeding, and at damages of veins, except a bleeding, is possible air . Treatment: the time stop of a bleeding is carried out by pressing of a bleeding vessel by a finger, a tampon; definitive - - bandaging of the damaged vessel, imposing of a vascular seam, a vessel plasticity. Throat and trachea damage is accompanied by a bleeding in a trachea gleam, breath infringement, . Treatment: tracheas, imposing , a - bleeding stop, surgical processing of a wound.

Congenital Fistulas Represent A Version - Branchiate Or

Congenital fistulas represent a version - branchiate or neck fistulas. Can be - full (to open on a skin and in a trachea) or incomplete (- to open only on a skin - external fistulas, or in a trachea - internal - fistulas). Incomplete external fistulas are more often observed. The diagnosis: is based on the data At - introduction of contrast substance in a course specify its communication with a trachea gleam. Internal incomplete fistulas, as a rule, do not demand special treatment In other cases are shown a course or its coagulation. TRAUMATIC DAMAGES OF THE TRACHEA The most frequent reason of traumatic damages - of chest department of a trachea is the transport trauma. At small anguishes of a trachea the condition of patients remains satisfactory Cough, "an emphysema on a neck" appear not at once Then the - phenomena develop-. Sometimes the first symptoms of disease are caused by a stenosis of a trachea owing to hem formation At full or big cross-section ruptures a condition of patients the - heavy: a short wind, , cough, , an emphysema.