Fibrous Cicatricial Imposings Are Condensed, A Lung, Limit

Fibrous cicatricial imposings are condensed, a lung, limit respiratory movements. the pulmonary fabric also is condensed In this period sharp passes in chronic In the rubtsovo-changed pleura in a late stage of illness there is an adjournment of salts. Is purulent-destructive process in a pleura (it is timely not ) causes development in an organism of some heavy changes from outside hearts, a liver, kidneys, characteristic for a - long purulent intoxication. At destruction a cover bacterial - enzymes pus can fall outside the limits a pleural cavity, forming abscesses between thorax muscles, under a skin or is opened outside (empyema necessitatis). - Spontaneous break of a purulent congestion in a pericardium cavity, a gullet, through a diaphragm is possible also-. : development pleurae is accompanied by infringement of function of cardiovascular system, breath, a liver-, kidneys and bodies. These infringements can - sharply develop or gradually. Especially heavy infringements - arise at break in a pleural cavity of an abscess of the lung having the wide message with by ways.

The Resulted Classification Is Convenient In Practical Activities

The resulted classification is convenient in practical activities - as provides for each stage of disease certain medical actions. To four stages of a cancer of a mammary gland there correspond the following - combinations TNM on the International classification. I stage - 1 - 2NOMO II stage - 1 - 2NIMO III stage - 1 - 2N2 - IV stage - any combination and N at value Ml. The note. Degrees and N are specified at histologic research - of a remote preparation. Treatment: the choice of a method of treatment of a cancer of a mammary gland depends on prevalence of process, a morphological structure - of a tumour, age of the patient, a condition and ova-rialnoj functions, the general condition, accompanying diseases-. Treatment methods: surgical, combined (a - combination of operation to beam therapy or to medicinal - therapy) and complex (a combination of operation to beam, medicinal - and hormonal therapy). The leader in treatment of a cancer - of a mammary gland is the surgical method. In I and the Pas stages is shown surgical intervention.

All These Receptions Repeat At Inspection Of The

All these receptions repeat at inspection of the left mammary gland. SPECIAL METHODS OF RESEARCH - radiological research of mammary glands. On the special device carry out roentgenograms in two projections, if necessary do aim roentgenograms - with increase. The method allows to establish presence - of changes of structure of a fabric of a mammary gland, presence and changes in axillary lymph nodes to reveal tumoral knot in diameter to 10 mm, i.e. Knot of such size, which doctor, as a rule, cannot define at , especially if the knot is located in deep departments of a mammary gland - of the big size. Contrast gives the chance - to reveal changes in gland channels. It is shown patients at whom allocation of nipples is observed. Area and a dummy - process spirit. On a secret drop find an external - aperture a lacteal channel. On depth 5 - 8 mm enter a thin needle into it with a blunt end. Through a needle under - small pressure into a channel enter 0,3 - 1 ml of 60 % of a solution or before occurrence of feeling small or easy morbidity.

Frustration Of A Water Exchange (increase And Strengthening

Frustration of a water exchange (increase and strengthening ), infringement of function - of a pancreas (the latent diabetes) cause excessive thirst. The part of patients has "eye symptoms". it is caused by a hypostasis and growth a - fatty fabric under influence a substance - produced by a forward share of a hypophysis. Replacement a fibrous fabric leads irreversible . At expansion of an eye crack - with the advent of a white strip between an iris of the eye and an upper eyelid (a symptom of Delrimplja) is observed-. A rare blinking of eyelids (a symptom of Shtelvaga - explain fall of sensitivity of a cornea - weakness of convergence, i.e. Ability loss to fix a sight at a short distance (Moebius's symptom), connect with weakness - of eye muscles. Backlog of an upper eyelid from an iris of the eye at fixing by sight of subject slowly moved downwards, in this connection between an upper eyelid and an iris of the eye - there is a white strip (a symptom Gref), it is caused a tone of the muscle lifting an upper eyelid.

Occurs At The Expense Of Small Branches Of

occurs at the expense of small branches of a humeral texture and 2 - 7 - branches of intercostal nerves. The lymphatic system consists of superficial and deep textures. Lymph outflow occurs mainly in axillary lymph nodes (fig. 7). From the central and medial departments of a mammary gland lymphatic vessels go deep into to to lymph nodes. Lymph outflow also to the lymph nodes located at the top department of a vagina of a direct muscle of a stomach, to , to lymph nodes of the party with the same name and to to lymph nodes of an opposite - mammary gland is possible-. The basic function of a mammary gland - synthesis and milk secretion. The structure and function of mammary glands essentially vary at different stages - a cycle, pregnancy, a lactation, age processes. These - changes are defined by function bodies. With 10 - 12-year-old age at girls start to be developed follikulin-stimulirujushy and hormones of a forward share of a hypophysis which cause transformation follicles in mature, sekre-tirujushchie an estrogen.

At Simultaneous Damage Of A Lung The Operation

At simultaneous damage of a lung the operation volume is defined by character of this damage ( lung wounds, a lung resection) . Arises at a hook a kind the channel or lung damage when air enters into a pleural cavity, but leave it cannot, as the channel at an exhalation is covered with fabrics of edges of a wound of a chest wall (at external ) or a lung fabric (at internal ) As a result of it in cavities accumulates air, pressure gradually increases in it that leads to development strained , accompanied a lung, veins , displacement - in the healthy party, heavy frustration of breath and haemodynamics (rice 23, and,). K and diagnostics: strained it is shown by accruing frustration of breath and warm activity Accrue , the short wind, pulse becomes frequent, fillings At on the party is strained define high a sound, bodies in the healthy party. Treatment first aid consists in an urgent puncture of a pleural cavity for reduction of pressure in it. The subsequent medical actions depend on character of available damage and should provide liquidation the mechanism, air from a pleural cavity and a lung.

The Definitive Diagnosis In Doubtful Cases Is Possible

The definitive diagnosis in doubtful cases is possible only after a site of the changed wall of a bronchial tube or cytologic research -, a print or a bronchial tube mucous membrane. Histologic research of a slice of the tumour received at , helps to make the definitive diagnosis and at - suspicion on a good-quality central tumour. The differential diagnosis between peripheral -, , good-quality tumours and a lung is most difficult-. At before its disintegration and break in a bronchial tube when in appear a tuberculosis, and the cavity in a lung comes to light, the - differential diagnosis can be spent only on the basis punk-tsionnoi formations in a lung. Indirect signs are primary localisation of formation - in lung departments, the non-uniformity of a fabric - revealed at radiological research. The last speaks - distinction components in (from a pneumonia to ). Good-quality tumours of lungs peripheral gamarto - long time proceed , usually them casually reveal at radiological research.

Clinic And Diagnostics: The Pain In Mammary Glands

Clinic and diagnostics: the pain in mammary glands appears in the middle a cycle and before , is accompanied by consolidation of mammary glands, sometimes - from nipples. The pain can be: pricking, shooting, sharp with in a back, a neck. At a mammary gland define consolidation of lobular character with a rough - surface, fabrics, morbidity. After at a pain the insignificant, all mammary gland is in regular intervals condensed, . At central define the - single or plural centres; they , are not connected with a skin, with a nipple, are mobile, in a prone position of the patient - are not palpated (a symptom of Keniga negative). Lymph nodes are not increased. On an extent a cycle the consolidation centres do not change. On the shade against which are defined , sometimes - adjournment of salts of calcium is visible. Blackouts quite often - alternate with the sites of an enlightenment caused by presence . At development against a cancer the shade density, its homogeneity become more intensive, shades also amplify and become chaotic.

Treatment During The Periods Apply Treatment, Indication Means

Treatment during the periods apply treatment, Indication means to operation (removal of a share of a lung) arise at deterioration cavities, the frequent aggravations breaking work capacity of the patient. STAFILOKOKOVAJA OF THE LUNG Under staphylococcal lungs understand on at the patient drain or a pneumonia tending to to a pulmonary fabric with development of pleural complications of a pleurisy, , Aetiology can be primary when it arises - after the transferred pneumonia, or secondary owing to or drift of an infection from the extrapulmonary centre. Disease is more often observed at children, persons young and environments it age and is one of the main reasons lethal courses in flash of a flu epidemic And Pathological anatomy of change at at adults are characterised by a pneumonia carrying largely - and small character the inflammation Zone happens plentifully leukocytes to presence of sites a pulmonary fabric and destruction of interalveolar partitions. In bodies changes, characteristic for a sepsis develop.

Raising Pressure In System Of The Narcotic Device,

Raising pressure in system of the narcotic device, inflate a lung; thus it is squeezed out through a cut in a fibrous capsule. After its removal carefully take in bronchial fistulas and the formed cavity in a lung Ideal at small and absence inflammations; 3) a lung resection at make under strictly limited indications, mainly at extensive secondary inflammatory processes or a combination with another the diseases demanding a resection of a lung. At bilateral defeats operation is carried out in two this by pases with an interval 2 - 3 months after operations apropos makes - 0,5 - 1 %, relapses are observed approximately at 1 % of patients. Alveolar lungs. Meets at the person several times less often - single-chamber . Usually defeat extends on a lung from a liver through a diaphragm and a pleura. A current heavier and fast, than at single-chamber . At radiological research defeat comes to light in the form of the wrong form of the shade which character usually it is impossible to define.

In The Left Lung There Is No Average

In the left lung there is no average share, but according to it there is not separated by an accurate intershare furrow a segment of the top share a Pulmonary segment the basic morphological unit of a pulmonary fabric In its structure the anatomic complex having a separate bronchial tube, an artery, veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels Under the form a segment enters reminds the wrong form a cone or a many-sided pyramid with the top directed to a root, and the basis to lung periphery. boundary and (terminal and respiratory) in lung segments. Division comes to an end with alveolar courses, Table 1: Classification of segments of lungs Right a lung a share The top Average The bottom 1. Top 2. Back 3. Forward 4. 5. Medial 6. Top 7. (Warm) 8 Perednebazalnyj 9 Lateralno-bazalnyj 10 ZadnebazalnyjVerhnjaja Jazychkovyj segment The bottom 1 - 2. 3. Forward 4. Top 5, Bottom 6. Top 7 Is absent 8. 9. 10. Passing in the alveolar bags, which walls are stuck out and form alveoluses. Walls of alveoluses have three layers.

At By Means Of Special Nippers It Is

At by means of special nippers it is possible - to take a slice of a tumour or suspicious on it a slice of a fabric for histologic research, by means of a special brush - to receive a bronchial tube mucous membrane (so-called brash-biopsija) for histologic and cytologic research-, a damp tampon to take dab for cytologic - research. Special with optics (firm "Olimpus" or similar systems) give the chance to investigate bronchial branches 4 - 5 usages and to receive from them a material for cytologic research. Cytologic research. To cytologic research should be exposed , pleural , a material received brash-biopsiej and by means of a tampon at -, . Other methods of research apply under certain indications to specification of the diagnosis, definition of communication of a tumour of a lung with surrounding fabrics, revealings of metastasises, receptions a material. The computer tomography allows to receive the x-ray image of cross-section cuts of a thorax and its bodies with very big image sharpness and the big resolution.

Thus Find Out Tumours In Diameter To 0,5

Thus find out tumours in diameter to 0,5 sm which cannot be revealed at . Usually the woman herself finds out a tumour in a mammary gland - that forces it to address to the doctor. Sometimes a tumour - reveal unexpectedly for sick at routine inspection or the reference to the doctor concerning other disease. During this period diameter of a tumour usually already reaches 2 - 5 see The central form. Knot of a dense consistence, more often painless-, its surface rough, contours indistinct. Rugosity of a skin over a tumour can already appear at early stages of a cancer. This symptom specifies that the tumour grows most intensively in a direction to a skin, sprouting fatty and located in it connecting sheaves. In process of increase in the size of tumoral knot sheaves are involved - in process on an extent and occurs skin - a symptom "". Owing to cancer cages a lymphatic texture there is a skin hypostasis and a dummy. Nipple deformation, it - come to light at tumour distribution on channels (a symptom of Pribrama).

Diagnosis Statement Is Helped By Reaction Of Vassermana,

Diagnosis statement is helped by reaction of Vassermana, cytologic - research of prints from ulcer edges. Treatment . a mammary gland meets seldom, can be primary and secondary At primary the activator - gets to a mammary gland through a skin or on to lacteal channels At secondary the activator on falls in a mammary gland a way from amazed edges, a pleura, a lung. The clinic and diagnostics disease begins with occurrence on a place of introduction of a fungus of small small knots and abscesses - In the subsequent stage small knots merge in dense which then are softened by places. After opening - of abscesses are formed it is long not healing fistulas. The diagnosis put on the basis of the anamnesis ( other bodies) and detection a congestion a radiant fungus in - from fistulas. Treatment: a resection of the amazed site of a mammary gland, , the big doses of penicillin, - therapy, , . Lactation infringement - a total absence of milk at the feeding woman the Great value is given to lactation regulation-.

The Heaviest Complications In The Sharp Period Quite

The heaviest complications in the sharp period quite often causing a lethal outcome are abscess break in a pleural cavity with development strained a bleeding in a bronchial tree owing to which to come pus in not amazed sites of a bronchial tree and development of new abscesses formation of abscesses in the remote bodies more often in a brain. Medical actions are defined by character of complications at development strained it is necessary urgent for a pleural cavity at a bleeding in bronchial tubes a tree as emergency action is shown by a tube that allows to warn blood in bronchial tubes of not amazed lung. Further haemostatic therapy is spent. In the presence of corresponding a condition operation is expedient - bronchial arteries of the amazed lung which the bleeding in respiratory ways most often causes again formed abscesses in a lung treat in with the principles stated above, therapies of abscesses of a lung treat metastatic abscesses under the standard scheme (early opening of an abscess rational antibacterial therapy and ) CHRONIC ABSCESS OF THE LUNG To the chronic carry abscesses of lungs at which - pathological process does not come to the end within 2 months Aetiology of the reason of transition of a sharp abscess in chronic it is possible to divide on two groups.