Clinic And Diagnostics: All Forms Sharp Pleurae Have

Clinic and diagnostics: all forms sharp pleurae have common features - the intoxication, cough are typical for them, with allocation , a short wind, chest pains, body rise in temperature. Complaints of the patient not always can be connected with the beginning of inflammatory process in a pleura. They can be the disease sign which complication is - pleurae. Pains at primary are caused mainly by damage of soft fabrics of a thorax. At secondary pains in the amazed half of thorax have constant character, amplifying at breath, cough, change of position of a body. Usually sick separate a small amount . Long and frequent fits of coughing with significant amount branch , as a rule, testify to presence a fistula. Thus especially - patients separate a considerable quantity - in position on healthy to a side. The short wind is caused by a number of factors ("Patogenez" see). It is necessary to notice that it can be sharply expressed and at small quantity of pus in a pleural cavity as it happens, for example, at a pleurisy when deep breath is impossible because of sharp pains.

1 Currents Of Pathological - Process Caused As

1 currents of pathological - process Caused as features-. Very big, diameter more than 6 sm, cavities in a lung, presence of sequesters in a cavity; bad conditions for - (narrow a bronchial tube; a course from a cavity, - beginning in its top part), abscess localisation in the bottom share, languid reaction of an organism to inflammatory process. 2 Caused by errors in treatment of the patient: late begun antibacterial therapy; small doses of antibiotics, application of antibiotics without sensitivity of flora; - insufficient use of the actions directed on improvement - of conditions for of an abscess; insufficient - use medical means. The most often chronic current is accepted by abscesses with - slow formation of an abscess; the abscesses developing against - widespread pneumonic of a pulmonary fabric-, especially at old and older persons Pathological anatomy: the chronic abscess - is continuation of the sharp is purulent-destructive process which consequences make a basis of changes in a pulmonary fabric.

). Radio Isotope Scanning With Serves For Definition -

). Radio isotope scanning with serves for definition - of a blood-groove and participation of various departments of a lung in breath. Research make by means of multidetector "VAIMET" or the similar device having 16 gauges, each of which gives the information from a site of a field of the lung making 1/8 its part. At inhalation 133 last is distributed in lungs on bronchial tubes that gives the chance to define a share of participation of each pulmonary field in breath. On time of semideducing of a preparation judge a condition of bronchial passableness. The increase - in time of semideducing of an isotope testifies to obstructive process in a bronchial tube. At intravenous introduction of a preparation register its - distribution in lungs and deducing time that speaks about a condition a barrier. The method specifies true volume of the amazed pulmonary fabric. FUNCTIONAL METHODS OF RESEARCH , definition of indicators of external - breath separately for each lung, the pneumotachometry, definition - of minute both shock volumes and other researches - are necessary for the decision of a question about physiological for operation, optimum methods of preparation for operation, possible postoperative complications and methods of their preventive maintenance.

The Knot Which Is Not Absorbing _131, Name

The knot which is not absorbing _131, name "cold" knot (fig. 3). Such knots often happen the malignant nature. Do not accumulate _131 also , , hemorrhages and - sites a thyroid gland. Research of hormones make by means of - radio immune methods. - Definition - (4), factor - active in - blood whey, and parities of Tz is possible---: 4 a hormone. These researches help - to establish interrelation of function - of a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. Test with a rilizing-hormone (TRH) gives the exact information on frustration which - can arise at level , a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. The - test with - a rilizing-hormone is especially important - at . After - operation on a thyroid gland - and therapy _131 frequency makes 1,5 - 3 %, reaching, under some statistical data, in the remote terms 20 - 40 %. Preservation normal ba-zalnogo level and - its increase after stimulation - TRH regard as latent (latent) - primary , caused - by defeat of the - thyroid gland. At - secondary low or normal, and reactions to introduction TRH are not present.

At Physical Activity It Is Marked As Profound

At physical activity it is marked as profound breath, and more atop . After - loading quickly comes - to norm (not later than through 7 mines) Superficial breath Slowly comes to on - breath Loading is not possible . Appears after the majority is available in rest, amplifies - after it is expressed Participation - muscles in small it is speeded up, it (is sometimes slowed down) , % to 50 - 9040 - 80 40 , % to 60 - 9040 - 80 50 FASHIONS, % to dolzhnomu110 - 150 150 170 (-- oxygen operating ratio-) Less than 34 with to norm at breath of OdMenee 30 30 Reserve air, 800-300 300 300 ; arterial - blood, %94-9694-96 94 Factors as , and cellular immunity. That is why, beginning treatment of the patient with the lung or pleura disease, often accompanied by the big loss of fiber and a heavy intoxication, it is expedient to conduct research of these factors of immunity for timely correction and to supervise - their dynamics in the course of treatment. For studying immunity define and concentration antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) For an estimation of cellular immunity it is obligatory calculation of absolute and relative quantity , compasses in blood T-kletochnyi immunity estimate on reaction with a ram.

. The Tumour - Starts With A Sine,

. The tumour - starts with a sine, settles down below a corner of the bottom - jaw of century a sleepy triangle. Subjective symptoms poor. At neck research the tumour consistences is defined, it is limited and possible only in a horizontal direction at the small sizes. At over formation it is audible noise. The major importance for diagnostics has . On it is visible characteristic internal and external arteries with a bow-shaped deviation and to an internal carotid. The gleam of last is narrowed, however internal contours of a vessel the accurate. The abundance of small vascular branches in the formation location is characteristic. At malignant mark - considerable decrease . Treatment: the surgical-. At removal in case of the compelled resection of an internal or general carotid -- vessel prosthetics is necessary-. At a resection only the external carotid of need for prosthetics - of a vessel is not present. THYROID GLAND The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) is located on a forward surface of a neck and consists of two shares and an isthmus.

At Primary Stenoses In Full Or In Part

At primary stenoses in full or in part there is no webby part, a trachea dense, with deformed a cartilage rings Distinguish three kinds of the stenosis, limited circular, funneled and extended the Basic clinical displays arise in different terms and consist in difficulty of breath which sharply accrues at diseases that causes a hypostasis of a mucous membrane of a trachea Mark also , voices, - cough. Quite often join secondary processes. The diagnosis put at the research spent - necessarily in direct and lateral projections, and . Treatment at a primary local stenosis in case of - congenital membranes probably its removal through , at circular narrowing sometimes gives success by means of special . A radical method of treatment is the resection of the narrowed site of a trachea At - secondary stenoses treatment can consist at a distance or tumours ; at a compression a double arch of an aorta - in bandaging and a section of one of arches. The forecast: adverse at the widespread stenosis which has reached to considerable degree.

Nasledstvenno-genetic It Is Studied More Not Enough. Pathological

Nasledstvenno-genetic it is studied more not enough. Pathological anatomy: the cancer of a mammary gland develops from lacteal channels is more often. The dolkovyj cancer develops - from alveoluses and meets in 1 - 2 % of all cases of a cancer of a mammary gland, is characterised by its growth. The right and left mammary glands are surprised equally often. Bilateral defeat of mammary glands meets in 13 % - of supervision, at to the form of a cancer slightly more often. The tumour of the second mammary gland quite often has metastatic character. Distinguish central and forms of a cancer of a mammary gland. The central form is observed most often. Tumour localisation at the central form, a cancer: in at 47 %, in at 12 % of patients, other departments of a mammary gland (, and central) are surprised equally often. a mammary gland cancer occurs mainly and ways. The most frequent metastasises in a bone, easy, a pleura. Clinic and diagnostics: in stages tumour revealing is possible at specially organised inspection, including .

At A Chronic Osteomyelitis - With A Fistula

At a chronic osteomyelitis - with a fistula and sequester presence - an edge resection. Infectious develop after belly, or a returnable typhus, a paratyphus. The inflammatory centre arises in the centre parts - of edges, causes a picture or . Further comes limited a cartilage, the abscess and a fistula are formed. Sometimes inflammatory process passes from one cartilage to another, there is a set of fistulas. Clinic: temperature, moderate morbidity - and a swelling in the field of a costal cartilage, presence of a fistula with the purulent separated. Treatment: conservative therapy does not give results. - Radical operation consists in total removal of the amazed cartilage with an edge part. CHRONIC SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE CHEST WALL The tuberculosis of edges, breasts and clavicles develops more often - again at tubercular defeat of other bodies. Disease begins with the limited abscess. Inflammatory process passes to an edge, a cartilage, a - breast or a clavicle. The bottom edges, cartilages III - V edges are surprised more often.

At Heavy - Forms Of Disease In A

At heavy - forms of disease in a cardiac muscle there come sharply expressed - changes leading to warm activity - that is accompanied by a tachycardia, blinking of auricles, liver increase, occurrence of hypostases. Developments of stagnation in - lungs cause a short wind. Early sign is muscular - weakness which patients regard as fast fatigue or the general weakness. These signs are caused by frustration of a metabolism and power on. Often sick mark the expressed changes of function of a gastroenteric path. They are shown by attacks of belly-aches, the vomiting, an unstable chair with propensity to diarrheas. Sexual function weakens. At women it is broken - a cycle up to , can come -, a uterus, an atrophy of mammary glands. Quite often these changes conduct to barreness. Infringements of function of adrenal glands lead - to decrease in a vascular tone, occurrence of pigmentation round eyes (a symptom of Ellineka). The increase in exchange processes at a dash-otoksikoze leads to the raised disintegration of fibers and fats therefore decrease in weight of a body, despite the raised appetite progresses.

At Research Reveal Backlog At Breath Of A

At research reveal backlog at breath of a part of a thorax, coo to the amazed department of a lung, morbidity at ; here define shortening a sound. On roentgenograms and the computer tomogram the dense shade is visible the big or smaller sizes. Despite spent treatment, the pneumonia is not authorised and gets long character. The heat is accompanied and down-pour then. Sometimes patients mark an unpleasant smell from a mouth. At a blood test reveal high , sharp shift of the formula of white blood to the left. The second period begins with abscess break in a bronchial tree. When it occurs through a large bronchial tube, the pus considerable quantity, sometimes with a blood impurity at once departs. The condition of the patient quickly improves. However more often an abscess occurs not a direct way, through a large bronchial tube, and through the twisting course formed by a small bronchial tube beginning in the top part of an abscess. Proceeding from it, its clearing of pus goes slowly, the condition of the patient - remains heavy.

At Occurrence Of A Jet Pleurisy Do Punctures

At occurrence of a jet pleurisy do punctures of a pleura - with the subsequent introduction of antibiotics. At if punctures do not give result, a pleura for a constant . The abscesses of a lung located , also - or enter into them through a needle thin polyethylene - for pus and introduction of antibiotics. At an - inefficiency of treatment by means of punctures and at fast progressing of process make with removal of sequesters, opening of purulent cavities in a lung and them . While it is impossible to consider results of treatment satisfactory-, even at application of in due time begun active complex treatment makes to 20 %. BRONHOEKTATICHESKY ILLNESS name proof pathological expansions of a gleam of average and small bronchial tubes with infringement of ability of evacuation of a bronchial secret and inflammation development. Pathological expansion of bronchial tubes can be secondary - at a tuberculosis, a tumour, chronic abscesses or independent - pathological process. In this case tell about primary , or about illnesses.

At In This Area Usually Pulmonary Sound Happens

At in this area usually pulmonary sound happens - truncated or dullness is defined. The data which manages - to be received at , are rather various Especially much largely - and damp rattles listen usually - in the mornings before the patient will clear the throat After quite often listen to only dry rattles. In remission the given blood tests and urine can not differ from norm During the period an aggravation of inflammatory - process the number of leukocytes raises, are marked blood count shift to the left, increases At heavy forms of disease it is found out , ; in urine - there is a fiber, cylinders. Radiological research considerably supplements . Found out changes are especially expressed-, if are accompanied In these cases the amazed department of a lung comes to light on the roentgenogram in the form of a triangular shade with top at a lung root. Its size much less than corresponding department (a share, a segment) a lung. At presence several segments it is possible - to note also shade displacement aside , increases of a dome of a diaphragm on the defeat party.

1. Presence Of Open Cavities With Allocation ,

1. Presence of open cavities with allocation , a containing bacterium, at failure of medicamentous treatment during 3 - 6 , menacing lives of a bleeding from cavities, constant - or repeated , the thick-walled cavities formed of cavities at which cavity scarring is impossible, constantly is available infection and relapse threat, process. 2. Presence considerable residual processes without (cavity "blocking", , extended ) Antitubercular means do not get into these centres through a fibrous fabric and do not provide their sterilisation. 3. Cicatricial bronchial tubes after tubercular - defeat. 4. Presence of the centres of the infection caused atypical by sticks as at such patients the infection is steady against medicamentous means. 5. Complication defeats pleurae and a - lung collapse (thus the resection of a lung and quite often is required). 6. Suspicion on development against a new growth tuberculosis. At a tuberculosis of lungs, besides a resection of the amazed department of a lung, under special indications can be executed , , a resection a bronchial tube, removal lymph nodes, a lung.

The Definitive Diagnosis Allows To Establish Tumours. Treatment:

the definitive diagnosis allows to establish tumours. Treatment: removal of the central tumour through do not recommend to make from for dangers of a bleeding and - possible thus . Radical intervention is the bronchial tube resection at which the tumour basis should be removed. A question on removal of a part of the lung which was a condition -, solve depending on the changes found out in it. At presence abscesses, -, a pulmonary fabric the amazed part of a lung beside to removal. In the absence of these changes depending on volume of the made resection of a bronchial tube ( or a circular - resection) defect in a bronchial tube wall take in separate seams or impose interbronchial . At the tumours growing , the clinical - semiology develops slowly, full a bronchial tube comes - seldom. The preoperative diagnosis at such tumours is extremely difficult, character of a tumour is established only during operation - which to a thicket comes to the end with a share or lung resection. The peripheral good-quality tumour usually very long anything does not show itself.