In Places Are Available - Cavities With And

In places are available - cavities with and cicatricial regeneration of a pulmonary fabric. Walls the expanded bronchial tubes smooth, are covered flat -. Last in places absolutely is absent and - is replaced by a fabric. In some places in expansions are visible . Distinguish three stages of development : in I stage - of change are limited to expansion of small bronchial tubes to diameter 0,5 - 1,5 Walls of bronchial tubes cylindrical see. Cavities of the expanded bronchial tubes are filled by slime. Suppurations in this stage are not present. In II stage inflammatory changes in walls - of bronchial tubes and a suppuration join-. The expanded bronchial tubes contain pus. Integrity is broken, cylindrical - multilayered flat with Places it in places is replaced , are formed a mucous membrane In a layer the cicatricial connecting fabric develops. In III stage process of bronchial tubes passes to surrounding pulmonary fabric with development of a pneumosclerosis Bronchial tubes are considerably expanded, in them walls there are phenomena and inflammations with powerful development of a sclerosis peribron-hialnoj a connecting fabric.

At It Is Necessary To Differentiate With Malignant

at it is necessary to differentiate with malignant - which connect with defeat - of an intermediate brain and superfluous production a hormone of a forward share of a hypophysis. Malignant it is observed mainly at people of middle age, there can be one- and bilateral. an eyeball reaches such - degree that occurs it from an orbit. Patients are disturbed - by severe pains in the field of an orbit, and restriction of movement of eyes. Presence and especially with bent to and to cornea disintegration is characteristic. Change of intraorbital pressure leads to changes of an optic nerve up to its atrophy. Special methods of research. The basic exchange at is raised and at - its heavy - forms can exceed +60 %. - Absorption of iodine - by a thyroid gland is sharply increased - in comparison with norm, especially - during the first hours researches. In blood of patients - maintenance T3, 4 and is raised-. shows - distribution - of accumulation of an isotope and gives the chance to spend the differential diagnosis - between a - craw and an adenoma at which "the hot knot".

Leads To Formation - Of Full And Incomplete

leads to formation - of full and incomplete fistulas. At full fistulas there is an external and internal aperture. The internal aperture settles down - in palatal , external - on a neck more often-; the last often happens openly already at a birth of the child. Treatment: surgical - or together with a course and a site of a hypoglossal bone (at median -) after preliminary a course dark blue. DAMAGES OF BODIES OF THE NECK Damages of bodies of a neck grow out of a stupid trauma, wounds (chipped, , fire), burns. Damages of large arteries are accompanied by a massive bleeding, and at damages of veins, except a bleeding, is possible air . Treatment: the time stop of a bleeding is carried out by pressing of a bleeding vessel by a finger, a tampon; definitive - - bandaging of the damaged vessel, imposing of a vascular seam, a vessel plasticity. Throat and trachea damage is accompanied by a bleeding in a trachea gleam, breath infringement, . Treatment: tracheas, imposing , a - bleeding stop, surgical processing of a wound.

Congenital Fistulas Represent A Version - Branchiate Or

Congenital fistulas represent a version - branchiate or neck fistulas. Can be - full (to open on a skin and in a trachea) or incomplete (- to open only on a skin - external fistulas, or in a trachea - internal - fistulas). Incomplete external fistulas are more often observed. The diagnosis: is based on the data At - introduction of contrast substance in a course specify its communication with a trachea gleam. Internal incomplete fistulas, as a rule, do not demand special treatment In other cases are shown a course or its coagulation. TRAUMATIC DAMAGES OF THE TRACHEA The most frequent reason of traumatic damages - of chest department of a trachea is the transport trauma. At small anguishes of a trachea the condition of patients remains satisfactory Cough, "an emphysema on a neck" appear not at once Then the - phenomena develop-. Sometimes the first symptoms of disease are caused by a stenosis of a trachea owing to hem formation At full or big cross-section ruptures a condition of patients the - heavy: a short wind, , cough, , an emphysema.

In Case It Causes A Vessel, Appears The

In case it causes a vessel, appears the Tumour of the big - sizes, reaching a chest wall or a diaphragm, can - cause chest pains, difficulty of breath; at localisation in medial departments of a lung - pains in the field of heart At sdavle-nii a large bronchial tube there is so-called "centralisation" of a peripheral tumour. The clinical picture in these cases is similar to a clinical picture of the central tumour. The diagnosis of a good-quality peripheral tumour, as a rule-, is very difficult. The roundish form, equal contours of a shade the tumours - which are found out at radiological research, presence - in it of limy inclusions are not for a good-quality new growth and can be at a - tuberculosis, peripheral , hematomas. At it is possible to reveal that vessels bend around - formation in a lung while at a malignant tumour amputation of the branches approaching to a tumour is observed. At the small size of a tumour it is research does not specify the diagnosis. - sometimes reveal indirect signs of a peripheral tumour - displacement of bronchial branches, change of their corner from-circulation, sometimes narrowing of a gleam at the expense of external pressure.

Surgical Intervention Is Shown At A Lung Gangrene

Surgical intervention is shown at a lung gangrene (pulmon - or ); at a sharp abscess to it resort when there are extensive centres a pulmonary fabric at enough satisfactory For these patients carry out one-stage (in the presence of unions between and pleura leaves) or two (in the absence of unions) . Last years these operations make all less often as good the abscess can be reached at its puncture through a chest wall introduction in a cavity of an abscess of a drainage with the help (rice 16 and) I Will follow pus and introduction enzymes and antibiotics usually give good effect. Conservative baking is unpromising at abscesses in diameter more than 6 sm to very thick capsule of an abscess of an intoxication revealed at radiological research not conceding) high-grade complex therapy In these cases can recommend a lung resection in the sharp period. Outcomes of a sharp abscess of a lung 1) an absolute recovery at which along with disappearance of clinical semiology disappear also radiological symptoms of an abscess of a lung 2) clinical recover which is characterised by a total disappearance of clinical displays of disease however rents in a lung the dry cavity 3 comes to light) clinical improvement by the time of an extract of the patient remains a body temperature of the patient allocates a fur-tree small amount purulent with Rentgenologicheski with a pulmonary fabric in its circle 4) without improvement the cavity is found out in these patients without what or the sharp form passes remissions in chronic Quickly the intoxication accrues warm insufficiency a dystrophy bodies 5) a lethal outcome develops .

Distinguish , Gematogenno-embolichesky, And Traumatic Ways Of Occurrence

Distinguish , gematogenno-embolichesky, and traumatic ways of occurrence of pulmonary abscesses and a gangrene. Bronholegochnyj way. One of the most frequent reasons - of occurrence of abscesses and a gangrene is infringement of passableness of the segmentary and share bronchial tubes, caused by hit in their gleam of the infected material from . At an - unconsciousness (owing to alcoholic intoxication, after operation-), at heavy infectious diseases function - bronchial tubes is broken, a reflex is suppressed and the infected material (food parts, a scale, a saliva) can be fixed in a bronchial tube so much time, how many is necessary for development and the inflammatory phenomena in a corresponding site of a lung. As a rule, abscesses in these cases are localised in back segments (II, VI) and more often in the right lung. Similar conditions arise at corking of a bronchial tube - by a tumour, a foreign matter, at narrowing of its gleam by a hem ( abscesses). Removal of a foreign matter and restoration of passableness of a bronchial tube in these cases quite often lead to fast treatment of the patient.

Pressure Increase In A Pleural Cavity Conducts To

Pressure increase in a pleural cavity conducts to displacement and its vessels and first of all the most pliable top hollow vein. Inflow of blood from vessels of the top half of body in the right auricle is as a result broken, the - volume of circulating blood sharply - decreases. Reduction or absence of ventilation squeezed and lung air breaks delivery of oxygen and removal of carbonic acid from alveolar air. Besides, as a result a lung there is a dump of blood from in , passing a capillary channel that also reduces the oxygen maintenance in the blood flowing from a lung. The big infringements arise in an albuminous and hydroionic - exchange. Losses of fiber and first of all with reduce pressure of blood that leads to losses of a liquid and increases . Liquid losses are connected with sodium losses. Thereof the kidney starts to detain sodium and instead of it to allocate with urine that conducts to . Process of muscular reduction, including ability of a muscle of heart is broken. Thus, at pleurae come heavy - infringements of function of some the organism systems, rendering a great influence on a disease current.

Tumour Growth Occurs Mainly - To Periphery That

Tumour growth occurs mainly - to periphery that leads it on a pleura or growing into a chest wall. The last is accompanied - by occurrence of the intensive pains connected with involving in process of intercostal nerves. At tumour localisation in medial departments of a lung there can be the pains reminding . The cancer of a top - of a lung (tumour of Pankosta) concerns subpleural forms also-. At this localisation of a tumour sick diseases in the beginning mark pains in the field of a forearm, is frequent in a hand. At the further growth of a tumour the - puffiness of a hand caused - of a vein sometimes - joins-. Simultaneously with it or later the - sympathetic trunk is involved in process-, and the patient has a syndrome of Gornera (, , ) on the defeat party. "" the form of a peripheral cancer represents result of disintegration of tumoral knot. In process of growth in the centre of a peripheral tumour the disintegration well revealed at a tomography is planned. At destruction of a wall of a large bronchial tube occurs disintegration cavities therefore the clinical picture of disease and the radiological data happen similar to those at a lung abscess.

E. Between The Diseases Giving Spherical Formations - In

e. Between the diseases giving spherical formations - in lungs. Use all complex of special methods - of research except for a puncture. Last at suspicion on is inadmissible because of rupture possibility , - dangers of hit liquids in a pleura with development heavy reactions and a parasite. Treatment: only the surgical. Can be executed: 1) after preliminary - contents . At this method after - napkins a thick needle, suck away from it contents and dissect a fibrous capsule. Delete a chitinous - cover with its contents, wipe a cavity 5 - 10 % a - formalin solution, carefully take in apertures of bronchial fistulas opening in it and take in the formed cavity. At deep big cavities when represents great difficulties and sharply deforms a lung, it is more expedient - after processing of a cavity and bronchial fistulas as much as possible a fibrous capsule and to sheathe its edges separate - haemostatic seams. After that a lung inflate until it will not come to contact with a pleura; 2) a method ideal consists - at a distance without opening of its gleam After - damp gauze napkins dissect a fabric of a lung and a fibrous cover.

The Mammary Gland Delete Together With Small And

The Mammary gland delete together with small and big pectoral muscles, , subscapular-, and the lymph nodes located on a course of internal chest arteries and veins. This operation has not received a wide circulation because of a trauma . The Same effect can be received at the account of possible presence of metastasises in lymph nodes, - carrying out after radical on Holstedu or on Pejti of beam therapy. At a mammary gland cancer __, __ a, ___ stages operation would combine with beam or chemotherapy. At a cancer ___ the stage accepts complex treatment: beam therapy, radical -, chemotherapy, . Radical it is counter-indicative at patients with stages of disease T4N1 - 3 and - 4N1M1, at total - defeat of a mammary gland, its fixing to a chest wall, meta-stazah in lymph nodes and an opposite side mammary gland, at presence metastasises, at cancer forms, a hand hypostasis. At these sick it is necessary to consider as the basic method of treatment a combination beam, himio - and -. at a cancer of a mammary gland at women, and also at till 10 years consists in suppression -.

On A Pleura Surface There Is Only A

On a pleura surface there is only a fibrin. The - lymphatic cracks which are "soaking up" hatches of a pleura, are as though corked with the curtailed fibrin, squeezed in connection with a hypostasis of Vsasyvanie from a pleural cavity is sharply reduced. In this connection in it collects which squeezes a lung and displaces bodies . In those places where does not separate pleural leaves and leaves them in contact, there is a pasting of pleural surfaces at the expense of the dropped out fibrin Soon in solderings start to develop elements So there is a formation and multichamber By the end of 1st - to the beginning of 2nd week processes inflammations in a pleura accrue, amplifies a game of the young connecting fabric sprouting films. These processes extend on a chest wall and a pulmonary fabric - the membrane, the inflammatory centre in a pleura is formed some kind of . If accumulation occurs quickly, solderings can not be formed and purulent fills big a pleural cavity. On 3rd week registration fabrics begins there is an intensive development of collagenic fibres in and deep layers of a pleura, is broken its layers.

Sudden A Mammary Gland At Abortions And The

Sudden a mammary gland at abortions and the lactation termination can conduct to cellular structures of a ferruterous fabric RESEARCH METHODS Inspection of women with diseases of mammary glands the - complex. In the anamnesis - the complaints specifying in disease of a mammary gland (a pain, consolidations, allocation from nipples, - change of a skin, etc.), change of these symptoms in dynamics, - changes in the mammary glands connected with by a cycle, pregnancy, a lactation. It is necessary to pay attention to - character of a cycle, a current , sorts, - character of a lactation, gynecologic diseases, operations on genitals, quantity of abortions. Survey of mammary glands make in a light premise, the woman should be undressed to a belt. Research make - in a standing position with the lowered hands and an inclination forward, with the lifted hands and in a prone position on a back with the platen enclosed under shovels and lying on one side. The similar technique allows - to reveal hardly noticeable symptoms.

"An Orange-peel" Symptom - A Sign - Of

"An orange-peel" symptom - a sign - of distribution of process in the deep skin lymphatic cracks, accompanied by a hypostasis and expansion of skin follicles over a tumour. The mammary gland immovability in relation to the big chest muscle (a symptom of Pajra) specifies in germination - in it tumours. Diffuznye forms: otechno-infiltrativnaja the form, a cancer, a cancer, an armour-clad cancer. The otechno-infiltrativnaja form of a cancer of a mammary gland is more often observed at women at young age, in pregnancy, a lactation. A current sharp. The pain is absent is more often. The - increase in consolidation of a site of a mammary gland without a clear boundary quickly progresses-. The hypostasis of a mammary gland and a skin as a result of distribution of cancer cages on intraskin lymphatic vessels and to lymphatic cracks is characteristic. In lymph nodes early there are metastasises. The mastitopodobnyj cancer meets at young women, pregnant and feeding is more often. However the mastitis - demands special attention as it is difficult for distinguishing from a cancer from elderly women-.

). TUMOURS OF THE CHEST WALL Good-quality Tumours (,

). TUMOURS OF THE CHEST WALL Good-quality tumours (, fibromas, ) develop slowly, without causing painful - symptoms. Histologic research of remote tumours - necessarily. Treatment: surgical, mainly for cosmetic - reasons. , develop from bone and fabrics of edges and a breast. As a rule, good-quality tumours slowly increase in sizes, however sometimes regenerate - in a sarcoma, start to grow quickly and give metastasises. Tumours of forward department of a thorax can reach the considerable sizes, without causing a pain and appreciable frustration of the general condition-. Sometimes turns in , - sprouting in a thorax that causes a chest pain, a short wind. The bone tumours which are settling down on a back surface of a thorax, start with a body of a shovel or a shoot more often, have a dense consistence, at movements are displaced together with a humeral belt. Treatment: the surgical. At shovels - full removal of a shovel with surrounding fabrics is shown. Malignant tumours (sarcomas of soft fabrics, bones and cartilages of a chest wall) are characterised by fast growth, - reach the big sizes, are exposed to disintegration in the centre, -.