Thus - Observe Receipt Of Contrast From A

Thus - observe receipt of contrast from a gullet in a tree. At an establishment of the diagnosis congenital a fistula early - urgent reconstructive operation - which is better to carry out in the first days after a birth is necessary--. Got fistulas arise at sick - of a gullet or trachea cancer at tumour disintegration. Less often traumatic damages and trachea and gullet wounds, punching of a wall of a gullet and a trachea at buzhiro-vanii a gullet, disintegration -- of the lymph nodes amazed with a tuberculosis happen their reason--. Observe punching in a trachea a gullet, - from or a narcotic tube even more seldom-. Symptoms a fistula depend on the sizes, a direction of a course of a fistula, presence or absence in it - the mechanism. At wide enough fistula - occurrence of fits of coughing is characteristic - during food intake. Cough can be accompanied by an asthma and , allocation with - food slices-. At a fistula with the mechanism cough during meal can be absent. Sometimes patients mark chest pains, voices, and vomiting with blood; the pneumonia which accepts a chronic current often develops.

First Sign A Crisis - Fast Rise In

First sign a crisis - fast rise in temperature of a body to 40�, accompanied by an accruing - tachycardia. Arterial pressure at first raises, and then psychological frustration decrease, observed. In development of a crisis the leading role is played by insufficiency of function - of a bark of the adrenal glands, caused by operational stress. Crisis treatment should be directed on struggle with nadpochechniko-howl insufficiency, cardiovascular infringements, giper-termiej and oxygen insufficiency. . At it is long an existing craw, especially at , and , owing to its constant pressure upon a trachea there are - degenerate changes in rings and them - Traheomaljatsija. After craw removal at once after tracheas or in the nearest postoperative period there can - be its excess in a site of a softening or rapprochement of walls and gleam narrowing. Comes sharp , which can lead to death of the patient if not to execute urgent ("Inflammatory diseases of a trachea" see). Postoperative - insufficiency of function - of the thyroid gland, caused by its full removal full or nearly so during operation, develops at 9 - 10 % of the operated - patients.

The Lymph Most Part Flows From Lungs In

The lymph most part flows from lungs in the right lymphatic channel, only from the top part of the left lung lymph outflow is carried out on left chains of lymph nodes From the bottom shares of both lungs a lymph flows also on the vessels going downwards in leaves of pulmonary sheaves to knot, located in back behind a gullet and a diaphragm. Lungs have parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensitive -. Sensitive lungs occurs mainly for the account nerves. All listed nerves form powerful forward and back pulmonary textures at a root of lungs. Expansion of lungs at a breath is provided with presence of negative pressure in a pleural cavity (2 - 5 mm the item). During reduction of volume of a thorax of an alveolus are fallen down, pressure exceeds them atmospheric and there is an exhalation As a result of pulmonary ventilation - alveolar air is updated. For normal gas exchange it is required, that pressure of oxygen in alveolar air made 110 mm hg, and carbonic acids of 40 mm hg Gas exchange in alveoluses occurs under physical laws of diffusion.

Define - Size, A - Consistence, Quantity, Mobility,

Define - size, a - consistence, quantity, mobility, morbidity - of lymph nodes. Technique - of self-inspection of mammary glands. For early revealing of the predopuho-left changes and - tumours of mammary glands all women are more senior 25 years should to watch a condition of mammary glands, i.e. To learn receptions - of self-inspection which - should be spent once a month in any day of 1st week after a cycle (fig. 8.) The woman should undress to a belt, examine linen, - especially in those places where it adjoined to dummies. Presence of stains (, brown or colourless) specifies on allocation from a nipple which appear at - mammary gland diseases. An exception make allocation of nipples at recently feeding when the - changes connected with pregnancy and a lactation yet have not come to the end-. Then it is examined mammary glands before a mirror at first in position with lowered, and then with the - hands lifted on a - nape. Thus it is necessary to turn slowly to the right, and then to the left.

Can Be The General And Selective When A

Can be the general and selective when a certain vessel and after introductions of a small dose of contrast - substance (15 - 20 ml) do a x-ray picture of only limited site of a lung. apply mainly to operability specification at a lung cancer. The symptom of amputation of a large branch of a pulmonary artery or defect of its filling testifies that a lung . A method use also for diagnostics a pulmonary - artery, anomalies of development of vessels of a lung, an - aneurysm. Top - contrast research of the top hollow vein. It is applied at suspicion on germination in it - tumours of a lung or , presence of metastasises of a cancer of a lung in . bronchial arteries - the x-ray research - which is carried out at filling of bronchial arteries - by contrast substance. It is shown mainly for specification of localisation of a source of a bleeding and as the method of research previous an artery at a pulmonary bleeding-. - radiological research of a thorax after introduction in gas (usually - 150 - 200 ml of oxygen) through a puncture over a breast or in the second at the left.

Under The Influence Of An Estrogen Growth And

Under the influence of an estrogen growth and maturing - of genitals and mammary glands begins-. With approach the progesterone a hormone of a yellow body In the period quantity of ferruterous courses in a mammary gland joins also increases, they extend, segments , are found out by places sl\shchennye cages, the layer - bulks up, In the period puffiness of segments, round large courses disappear At pregnancy the condition of mammary glands is influenced by the hormones developed by a placenta, - , , and also hormones of a true yellow body; synthesis of hormones of a forward share of a hypophysis during this period is lowered In a mammary gland occurs ferruterous segments After the delivery and placentae function Under influence again becomes more active and hormones of a back share of a hypophysis the lactation begins. After its termination the mammary gland is exposed physiological In the climacteric period in process of function decrease level hormones decreases and level a stimulating hormone of a hypophysis the Mammary gland raises decreases, the ferruterous fabric is replaced fibrous and fatty.

Thereof - Functional In The Beginning Changes Pass

Thereof - functional in the beginning changes pass in the irreversible anatomic - changes accruing at each aggravation of disease-. Pathological anatomy: distinguish cylindrical - and , , combined with and without . Morphological features , combined with , the following: the amazed share (or a segment) a lung is considerably reduced in sizes in comparison with norm, more light pink colouring in comparison with other - departments of a lung, is deprived a coal pigment that testifies to its �destruction in the functional relation On a cut - sharply expanded bronchial tubes approached to each other are visible-. At absence - colour and the sizes of the amazed share are not changed. On a cut normally located bronchial tubes with the - trailer departments expanded - in various degree are visible-. At microscopic research of lungs find following - changes: defeat is limited by certain - morphological structural unit (a lung, a share, a segment); small bronchial tubes are expanded, their walls and - polimorfno-nuclear cages with fibrous growths and - absence fabrics.

To Diagnostics Helps At Which Delete A Part

To diagnostics helps at which delete a part of the amazed lung. Histologic research specifies the diagnosis. GOOD-QUALITY TUMOURS OF THE LUNG Good-quality tumours of lungs are observed in 10 - 12 times less often malignant. Pathological anatomy: good-quality - tumours of lungs can develop ) bronchial tubes (papillo, adenomas);) fabrics (fibromas, myomas, nevro-gene and vascular tumours); to be - congenital tumours (, ). Most often in clinic observe adenomas of bronchial tubes and hectare-martrohondromy. On localisation good-quality tumours can be central and peripheral. The central tumours start with large bronchial tubes (I, II and III usages), can grow in a gleam of a bronchial tube or ; sometimes mark the mixed character of growth. Clinic and diagnostics: at the central arrangement of a tumour and its growth in a gleam of a large bronchial tube the short wind, productive cough, happen the most frequent symptoms. Disease develops slowly. In process of tumour growth in the beginning appears passing partial a bronchial tube, accompanied - an emphysema or hypoventilation of a part - of a lung.

Treatment: Specific Antitubercular Therapy. Neck Tumours. Distinguish: Tumours,

Treatment: specific antitubercular therapy. Neck tumours. Distinguish: tumours, tumours, tumoral defeats of lymph nodes of a neck (primary and secondary - metastatic). Vneorgannye tumours of a neck are derivatives , a muscular and nervous fabric. Can be good-quality (a fibroma, , ) or malignant. Clinical picture: depends on a kind of a tumour, its localisation, a stage. The majority of tumours of soft fabrics - good-quality, slowly growing, is caused by only cosmetic inconveniences. Malignant tumours proceed mainly from neck bodies. Treatment: at good-quality tumours surgical, at malignant the combined. Defeat of lymph nodes of a neck most often meets - at diseases fabrics (, , - illness of Hodzhkina). - Defeat of lymph nodes of a neck at the majority of patients is only expression of system disease, therefore treatment of such patients is made in specialised oncological or hospitals. A treatment principle - the beam therapy - combined with chemotherapy. Surgical treatment - is limited or removal of a lymph node for - histologic research.

Getting Into Blood, They Become Antigenes And Form

Getting into blood, they become antigenes and form antibodies against cages of a thyroid gland and . The last - . It leads to infringement - of synthesis normal hormones that causes - increase of secretion of a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. In late stages of disease gland function - is lowered, accumulation in it of iodine goes down. Clinic and diagnostics: Hashimoto arises at women aged is more senior 50 years is more often. Disease - develops slowly (1 - 4 years). A unique symptom throughout - long time is the thyroid gland increase. To the touch it dense, but is not soldered to surrounding fabrics and is mobile at Further there is a discomfort, signs Regionarnye lymph nodes - are not increased. The great value in diagnostics has detection in - whey of the patient the Definitive answer receive at . Treatment: conservative, includes appointment and hormones the Dose hormones - select individually, an average daily dose 0,1 - 0,3 the Daily dose 20 - 40 mg during 1 1/2 - 2 with - gradual reduction of a dose.

Treatment: The Surgical. Depending On The Sizes -

Treatment: the surgical. Depending on the sizes - of a tumour - a sectoral resection at the small sizes of a tumour or simple at formations in diameter more than 8 - 10 sm with urgent histologic research of a macropreparation. At malignant regeneration of a tumour should be executed radical on Holstedu the Further treatment - it is defined by the data researches - of lymph nodes. The mammary gland adenoma meets seldom, it is difficult - for distinguishing from . The adenoma is accurately delimited from a surrounding fabric of a mammary gland. The correct diagnosis is possible only after histologic research of a macropreparation. Papillomas of channels of a mammary gland develop in the channels connected with a nipple, and in smaller channels. Clinic and diagnostics: allocation from nipples , brown, ; sometimes small chest pains. gives the chance to find out defects of filling - in channels, precisely to define localisation of papillomas. Defects of filling have accurate contours, roundish outlines.

They Increase Glucose And In Intestines And Their

They increase glucose and in intestines and their expense in cages; , disintegration also reduce its maintenance in a liver; render beings influence on a fatty exchange. The thyroid gland hormone together with parathyroid glands regulates a calcium and phosphorus exchange. Pathological anatomy. The majority - thyroid gland disease - causes increase in its sizes. It can be caused fabrics of a thyroid gland at the expense of excessive accumulation in follicles, development of inflammatory process, tumour growth. Craw - limited or the increase in a thyroid gland having in a basis hyperplastic or degenerate changes. Two basic forms distinguish: (usually a microfollicular central craw) and the - generated follicles ( a toxic craw). Strictly it is impossible to differentiate them, as they are often combined. - happens , uniform on all gland, and in separate sites from which knots can develop. name a craw if expansion of follicles and accumulation in them is sharply expressed. Besides, allocate regressive forms to which carry fibrous, and a craw.

The Greatest Distribution - Has Received Radical ,

The greatest distribution - has received radical , the offered V.Holstedom and V.Mejerom, - mammary gland removal by the uniform block with small and big pectoral muscles and (with - lymph nodes) , and subscapular areas. At not palpated cancer of a mammary gland and at a cancer I, __ and stages, older persons, at a bilateral cancer choice operation can have an operation on Pejti - mammary gland removal - by the uniform block with a small chest muscle and (with - lymph nodes) axillary, and subscapular areas. The survival rate of patients after operation on Pejti does not concede to results of operation of Holsteda. The best functional and cosmetic results give the chance to use more widely operation of Pejti At elderly patients with heavy accompanying diseases and the raised risk of operation carry out simple with removal axillary area. In I and __ and stages at tumour localisation in the central and medial departments of a mammary gland some oncologists - apply expanded (podkryltsovo-grudinnuju) on Urbanu.

Activators Of A Sharp Mastitis: , In A

Activators of a sharp mastitis: , in a - combination to an intestinal stick, to a streptococcus; seldom - , a stick, fungi. Paramount value give to an intrahospital infection. Entrance gate of an infection - cracks of nipples. Infection penetration through channels is possible at milk decantation, feeding, less often it gets or a way from other infectious centres. The great value at mastitis development has decrease in protective forces of an organism. Disease development is promoted by infringements of outflow of milk with development . Phases of development of a sharp mastitis: serous, and . In a phase of a serous inflammation the mammary gland fabric is impregnated by a serous liquid, round vessels the congestion of leukocytes is marked At inflammation progressing serous replaces purulent - a mammary gland with the small centres of purulent fusion which, merging, form abscesses On localisation abscesses divide on hypodermic, , , . Clinic and diagnostics: disease begins with a pain and a mammary gland, body rise in temperature.

At Which Find Out A Branch Departing From

at which find out a branch departing from an aorta to a lung part, gives the chance to make the definitive diagnosis of developmental anomaly Treatment: in the presence of inflammatory process in - its resection is shown a lung part. Congenital an emphysema. At this developmental anomaly defect of development rings of a share or segmentary bronchial tube takes place. Are possible also a bronchial tube excess, its vessels, the mucous membrane hypertrophy, leading - to partial obstruction. Formation the mechanism conducts to a sharp swelling a lung. The sharp swelling of a part of a lung - leads its next departments, to displacement -. Clinical symptoms can appear right after births. The short wind, cough, attacks are characteristic at feeding. Joining of an infection and pneumonia development is quite often marked. At a chronic current there comes adaptation of an organism to the conditions caused by an emphysema which, reaching certain volume, ceases to accrue. Fizikalnoe research in most cases allows a cart to make the presumable diagnosis at survey mark a thorax according to emphysema area, expansion of intercostal intervals, at a sound.