The Method Allows To Diagnose Germination Of A

The method allows to diagnose germination of a tumour of a lung in , to define the increased - lymph nodes in the field of a root of a lung and , metastasises in . - radiological research of a pleural cavity after introduction in it of contrast substance. - Water-soluble contrast substances are used - only. For definition - of the sizes of a cavity research a minimum in three positions is necessary: in vertical position, on a back and on one side (on the defeat party). Under certain indications, mainly for the purpose of - reception of a material for cytologic or histologic - research, apply and . make the special tool - . It gives the chance to receive - pleural contents for research-, to see and pleurae-, a tumour sprouting to a surface of a lung, to take for histologic research a slice of pathological formation-. Enter usually on lines in the fourth - the fifth . - survey of a forward surface of a trachea (to ) by means of the special tool. It is applied for the purpose of reception to histologic research - from the lymph nodes which are settling down on a course of a trachea, at suspicion on presence in them of metastasises of a cancer of a lung, diagnostics of system diseases (, etc.

Sometimes, On The Contrary, The - Phlegmon Is

Sometimes, on the contrary, the - phlegmon is a consequence of inflammatory process in a pleura. Clinic: the general condition heavy, a body heat, a fever. Skin reddenings usually do not happen; in - areas a swelling, morbidity at . Treatment: wide opening of an abscess on edge of the big chest muscle and spaces , antibiotics. Sharp the osteomyelitis of edges is observed more often at children. As a rule, the disease activator - golden -. Disease begins severe pains on the limited site of a thorax, body rise in temperature. Further - there is an edge thickening, skin over it. At abscess break it is formed it is long not healing fistula. At a sharp osteomyelitis almost never - comes to light pathological changes; at transition in chronic process on roentgenograms it is visible edges, the sequester. In the presence of an abscess and a fistula the diagnosis confirm bacteriological - and pus researches. Treatment: at sharp an edge osteomyelitis in the disease beginning-antibiotikoterapija, at an abscess - its opening, antibiotics.

N3 - Lymph Nodes Are Palpated Over Or

N3 - Lymph nodes are palpated over or under a clavicle or there is a hand hypostasis on the defeat party. M - the remote metastasises. M0 - Signs of the remote metastasises are not present. There are remote metastasises. Defeat of a skin outside of a mammary gland, metastasises in an opposite mammary gland and lymph nodes. In the USSR kliniko-anatomic classification of a cancer of a mammary gland in which allocate four stages of distribution - of tumoral process is accepted-. I stage - a tumour in diameter less than 3 sm, settling down in thickness of a fabric of the mammary gland, not passing on surrounding and integuments; the Pas a stage - a tumour in diameter from 3 to 5 sm, passing on surrounding -, with presence of skin symptoms, without metastasises in lymph nodes. 116 stage - a tumour of the same size and a kind or the smaller sizes, but with presence of metastasises in axillary lymph nodes; Ilia a stage - a tumour in diameter from 5 to 10 sm or any size, - sprouting a skin, but without metastasises in lymph nodes; 1116 stage - a tumour of any size with plural metastasises in , and subscapular lymph nodes; 1 a stage - a tumour of any size with metastasises in lymph nodes areas: IV stage - widespread defeat of a mammary gland with dissemina-tsiej on a skin or extensive ; a tumour with the remote metastasises.

Activity By Introduction Of Hormonal - Preparations, And

Activity by introduction of hormonal - preparations, and at quickly progressing disease - bilateral . For an exception strengthenings of function of adrenal glands and braking right after - the patient appoint or . To patients with dying away function , being in 10 years and more, it is not shown. In this case treatment , being a hypophysis hormone is shown. spend during all life of the patient. At patients with the combination with chemotherapy and an irradiation conducts to remission more than in half of supervision. Chemotherapy - apply as an additional method in whom treatment of an initially-operable cancer of a mammary gland-, and also at treatment of patients with cancer relapses. - Antineoplastic preparations: , , 5-ftoruratsil, , . Widely use polychemotherapy - - a combination 3 - 4 preparations with the different mechanism of action-. Beam therapy - apply in complex treatment of a cancer - of a mammary gland, use sometimes in pre- and postoperative the periods for the purpose of preventive maintenance of relapses of metastasises, and also at their revealing.

At A Chronic Abscess Probably Development Of The

At a chronic abscess probably development of the same complications which are inherent in the sharp period of disease - Diagnostics of a chronic abscess, besides the anamnesis data, - is based on radiological research It allows - to establish a pulmonary fabric in cavity circles, presence - in it of contents. At carrying out of the differential diagnosis of a chronic abscess of a lung it is necessary to mean a tuberculosis and a lung, a lung cancer (especially so-called - the form of a peripheral cancer). In the - differential diagnosis of these diseases the clinical picture, the given researches have Great value-. At a lung tuberculosis, except a cavity, come to light ache prescription the tubercular centres; usually flavourless, in it are available a tuberculosis. At lungs in find and a radiant fungus. At a cancer - of a lung with a suppuration and disintegration in the centre of a tumour carrying out - of the differential diagnosis can present difficulties (sm section "a lung Cancer").

The Abscess Quite Often Happens Is Located Close

The abscess quite often happens is located close to a lung surface, opening of an abscess and bacterial about pleurae with the subsequent development Proceeding from it therefore is possible, in the field of an abscess expediently the Soldering and union lung between and a pleura can reach the big density, bleed at a section, in these cases expediently at allocation it is easy to use an electroknife or an ultrasonic wave guide. Postoperative reaches till now 4 - 6 % At the majority of the patients who have transferred , work capacity is restored through 3 4 after operation After during the first half of the year transfer of patients into physical inability, then use into physically easy work in a warm premise without industrial is necessary. Pneumosclerosis after a lung abscess. Clinical treatment at the majority of patients with a lung abscess comes to the end in a lung of a cicatricial fabric with "a dry" cavity or the smaller size. These cavities well enough a bronchial tube which is deformed by a cicatricial fabric Cavity walls become covered thin by a cover and is frequent , crawling of bronchial tubes In a lung how many considerable, changes thus are absent.

Pathological Anatomy: During The Moment In A Pulmonary

Pathological anatomy: during the moment in a pulmonary fabric against morphological changes, - characteristic for a pneumonia, appears one or several sites . Under the influence of bacterial enzymes there is a purulent fusion weights, - the - cavity filled with pus is formed-. Destruction of a wall of one of the bronchial tubes which are in a zone , causes - pus receipt - in a bronchial tree. Further morphological changes are defined by a condition of reactance of the patient, - conditions an abscess and its sizes, a current - of inflammatory process in a surrounding pulmonary fabric. At single purulent abscesses the cavity is quickly enough released from pus, its walls are gradually cleared from weights and become covered by granulations, on an - abscess place the - hem or a narrow cavity is formed. At big it is bad cavities, long purulent fusion fabrics, presence of inflammatory process in surrounding departments of a lung clearing of a cavity from weights occurs slowly, in an abscess wall the dense cicatricial fabric, disturbing to healing is formed.

On Localisation Distinguish Cervical, , Partially , A

On localisation distinguish cervical, , partially , a craw and a craw of a root of language. At the - majority of sick infringements of function of a thyroid gland is not present, - however at the people living in places expressed , disease sometimes proceeds with the phenomena . At these patients reactions on external are slowed down, intellectual and - physical working capacity is lowered-. Patients mark slackness, . At research the bradycardia, decrease in reflexes comes to light. - Congenital - it is accompanied by development - which is characterised - by sharp backlog of physical and mental development. Symptoms: most often sick mark "feeling of awkwardness" - in the field of a neck at movement, a collar, - dry cough, hoarseness - of a voice, difficulty of breath. The last is connected with - walls of a trachea owing to - constant pressure of a craw with infringement of nervous regulation - of a trachea and a throat at their displacement aside. - Breath infringement - the most frequent symptom a craw.

Abscesses On Localisation Happen Peripheral And Central, Single

Abscesses on localisation happen peripheral and central, single and plural, unilateral and bilateral II Staphylococcal lungs III Nagnoivshiesja lungs (with the characteristic on presence of complications and localisation) AND THE LUNG GANGRENE Abscess and lung gangrene - qualitatively various - pathological processes. At an abscess the limited is purulent-destructive process in a pulmonary fabric takes place. Restriction of the inflammatory centre and transition of putrefactive disintegration in a suppuration testify to the - expressed protective reaction of an organism while the widespread - gangrene grows out progressing as a result of weak reactance or full areactivity - of an organism. Among patients men at the age of 30 - prevail 35 years, women are ill in 6 - 7 times less often that is connected with features of industrial activity of men, more widespread among them abusing alcohol and the smoking conducting to infringement of drainage function of the top respiratory ways. Aetiology and : the major factors - causing development of abscesses and a gangrene of a lung, are a pulmonary fabric (owing to a bronchial tube, and inflammations) blood circulation frustration in it, direct influence of toxins on a vacuum pulmonary fabric with the broken blood circulation.

A Thyroid Gland Carry Out Sympathetic And Parasympathetic

a thyroid gland carry out sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Thyroid gland hormones - (4) and , and also a hormone - . As the basic components for formation of hormones serve and amino acid . Iodine arrives in an organism with food, water, air in the form of organic and inorganic connection. The balance in an organism is subject to considerable fluctuations. The superfluous quantity is allocated from an organism with urine (98 %) and bile (2 %). In blood organic and inorganic connections of iodine form and sodium. Under the influence of oxidising enzymes and turn to elementary iodine. In a thyroid gland - joining of iodine to fiber begins. Atoms of iodine join in (the amino acid rest ). Meath and ( and ) do not possess hormonal activity, but are a substratum for formation hormones: - (4 - ) and . in 5 - 6 times surpass in activity and in 2 - 3 times on speed in an organism, its formation occurs basically not in a thyroid gland, and in peripheral fabrics and is carried out by partial - , iodine losing one atom.

Clinic And Diagnostics: All Forms Sharp Pleurae Have

Clinic and diagnostics: all forms sharp pleurae have common features - the intoxication, cough are typical for them, with allocation , a short wind, chest pains, body rise in temperature. Complaints of the patient not always can be connected with the beginning of inflammatory process in a pleura. They can be the disease sign which complication is - pleurae. Pains at primary are caused mainly by damage of soft fabrics of a thorax. At secondary pains in the amazed half of thorax have constant character, amplifying at breath, cough, change of position of a body. Usually sick separate a small amount . Long and frequent fits of coughing with significant amount branch , as a rule, testify to presence a fistula. Thus especially - patients separate a considerable quantity - in position on healthy to a side. The short wind is caused by a number of factors ("Patogenez" see). It is necessary to notice that it can be sharply expressed and at small quantity of pus in a pleural cavity as it happens, for example, at a pleurisy when deep breath is impossible because of sharp pains.

1 Currents Of Pathological - Process Caused As

1 currents of pathological - process Caused as features-. Very big, diameter more than 6 sm, cavities in a lung, presence of sequesters in a cavity; bad conditions for - (narrow a bronchial tube; a course from a cavity, - beginning in its top part), abscess localisation in the bottom share, languid reaction of an organism to inflammatory process. 2 Caused by errors in treatment of the patient: late begun antibacterial therapy; small doses of antibiotics, application of antibiotics without sensitivity of flora; - insufficient use of the actions directed on improvement - of conditions for of an abscess; insufficient - use medical means. The most often chronic current is accepted by abscesses with - slow formation of an abscess; the abscesses developing against - widespread pneumonic of a pulmonary fabric-, especially at old and older persons Pathological anatomy: the chronic abscess - is continuation of the sharp is purulent-destructive process which consequences make a basis of changes in a pulmonary fabric.

). Radio Isotope Scanning With Serves For Definition -

). Radio isotope scanning with serves for definition - of a blood-groove and participation of various departments of a lung in breath. Research make by means of multidetector "VAIMET" or the similar device having 16 gauges, each of which gives the information from a site of a field of the lung making 1/8 its part. At inhalation 133 last is distributed in lungs on bronchial tubes that gives the chance to define a share of participation of each pulmonary field in breath. On time of semideducing of a preparation judge a condition of bronchial passableness. The increase - in time of semideducing of an isotope testifies to obstructive process in a bronchial tube. At intravenous introduction of a preparation register its - distribution in lungs and deducing time that speaks about a condition a barrier. The method specifies true volume of the amazed pulmonary fabric. FUNCTIONAL METHODS OF RESEARCH , definition of indicators of external - breath separately for each lung, the pneumotachometry, definition - of minute both shock volumes and other researches - are necessary for the decision of a question about physiological for operation, optimum methods of preparation for operation, possible postoperative complications and methods of their preventive maintenance.

The Knot Which Is Not Absorbing _131, Name

The knot which is not absorbing _131, name "cold" knot (fig. 3). Such knots often happen the malignant nature. Do not accumulate _131 also , , hemorrhages and - sites a thyroid gland. Research of hormones make by means of - radio immune methods. - Definition - (4), factor - active in - blood whey, and parities of Tz is possible---: 4 a hormone. These researches help - to establish interrelation of function - of a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. Test with a rilizing-hormone (TRH) gives the exact information on frustration which - can arise at level , a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. The - test with - a rilizing-hormone is especially important - at . After - operation on a thyroid gland - and therapy _131 frequency makes 1,5 - 3 %, reaching, under some statistical data, in the remote terms 20 - 40 %. Preservation normal ba-zalnogo level and - its increase after stimulation - TRH regard as latent (latent) - primary , caused - by defeat of the - thyroid gland. At - secondary low or normal, and reactions to introduction TRH are not present.

At Physical Activity It Is Marked As Profound

At physical activity it is marked as profound breath, and more atop . After - loading quickly comes - to norm (not later than through 7 mines) Superficial breath Slowly comes to on - breath Loading is not possible . Appears after the majority is available in rest, amplifies - after it is expressed Participation - muscles in small it is speeded up, it (is sometimes slowed down) , % to 50 - 9040 - 80 40 , % to 60 - 9040 - 80 50 FASHIONS, % to dolzhnomu110 - 150 150 170 (-- oxygen operating ratio-) Less than 34 with to norm at breath of OdMenee 30 30 Reserve air, 800-300 300 300 ; arterial - blood, %94-9694-96 94 Factors as , and cellular immunity. That is why, beginning treatment of the patient with the lung or pleura disease, often accompanied by the big loss of fiber and a heavy intoxication, it is expedient to conduct research of these factors of immunity for timely correction and to supervise - their dynamics in the course of treatment. For studying immunity define and concentration antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) For an estimation of cellular immunity it is obligatory calculation of absolute and relative quantity , compasses in blood T-kletochnyi immunity estimate on reaction with a ram.