, Arrived From A Thyroid Gland In A

, arrived from a thyroid gland in a vascular channel, contacts fibers of whey owing to what concentration iodine in blood is often used as an indicator activity of a thyroid gland. Now many researchers consider Tz and 4 as forms uniform a hormone, and ( <) it is necessary to consider as a prohormone, or the transport form, and Tz - the basic form of a hormone. Regulation of synthesis and secretion of hormones of a thyroid gland is carried out by the central nervous system through gipotalamo-gipofizarnuju system. - the tireotropin-rilizing-hormone which, getting to a hypophysis, stimulates development . on a blood channel reaches a thyroid gland and regulates its growth and function. Between the central nervous system, a hypophysis and a thyroid gland there is also a feedback. At surplus hormones hypophysis function goes down, and at their deficiency raises. Increase of production - results not only in strengthening of function of a thyroid gland, but also to or central it . and stimulate processes of oxidation and strengthen the oxygen expense in the fabrics, necessary for normal growth of an organism, play the important role in a salt and water exchange, stimulate fiber synthesis.

Periodically Arising Aggravations Lead - To Involving In

Periodically arising aggravations lead - to involving in inflammatory process of new sites of a lung, to growth - of a connecting fabric in a circle of an abscess and on a course of bronchial tubes-, to a thrombosis of vessels There are conditions for development new , a widespread bronchitis. Fusion of blood clots and in bronchial tubes conduct to to bleedings from - branches of bronchial arteries. Thus, the chain of pathoanatomical changes at chronic abscesses (single or plural) excludes possibility of an absolute recovery of the patient Clinic and diagnostics: two basic forms, or type, a current of chronic abscesses allocate. The first type. The sharp stage comes to the end with clinical recover - of the patient or considerable improvement. The patient write out - from a hospital with a normal body temperature. Changes in a lung are treated as the limited pneumosclerosis, sometimes with "a dry cavity". After an extract the condition remains - satisfactory, and the patient quite often starts to work.

Sometimes On Roentgenograms Are Visible To A Shade

Sometimes on roentgenograms are visible to a shade (gleams of the expanded - bronchial tubes), the pulmonary drawing caused - available at . gives the chance to characterise precisely - features of pathological process and its prevalence. come to light in the form of plural cylindrical or expansions of bronchial tubes with accurate contours. In the field of an arrangement small - branchings of bronchial tubes and an alveolus are not filled with contrast substance-. In the presence of accompanying the expanded bronchial tubes are pull together among themselves while at absence they occupy the usual position. The clinical semiology at illnesses varies depending on a stage of its development. It is possible to allocate three stages of development of disease, in general corresponding - to the stages of morphological changes resulted above in lungs of the Stage of development illnesses the Initial - stage. Cough changeable, the mucopurulent. Aggravations - of disease with a clinical picture the rare.

Quite Often (especially At A Craw) Patients Complain

Quite often (especially at a craw) patients complain of a weight condition in a head at body inclinations. At survey of these patients it is possible to note expansion of veins of a neck, characteristic drawing -"a head of a jellyfish" in the field of the top part of a chest wall. Breath infringement causes development of the changes - characterised as " heart". a sympathetic trunk - causes occurrence of a syndrome of Gornera (, , ), change half of body on the party . At a hypoglossal craw owing to a pushing off breath is broken. At a craw located behind a gullet, the complicated swallowing is marked, especially at head turn. Radiological research allows to establish a - barium delay - at level a craw, gullet displacement or in a direction. The aberrantnyj craw - pathologically increased additional - thyroid gland, often is exposed to malignant regeneration-. Quite often for a craw accept metastasises of a cancer of a thyroid gland in neck lymph nodes. Treatment: at small craws appoint -.

A Tuberculosis Gets Through Lacteal Channels, And Also

a tuberculosis gets through lacteal channels, and also on lymphatic ways from a lung root, , - axillary lymph nodes and a way at sharp a tuberculosis. Forms of a tuberculosis of a mammary gland knotty, ulcer, sclerous and . Clinic and diagnostics a dummy, dense without accurate contours, a skin, in - axillary area the dense, increased lymph nodes. On the basis of these signs the mammary gland tuberculosis can - be accepted for a cancer. The diagnosis establish on the basis of the anamnesis data (a - tuberculosis of lungs, lymph nodes and ) and histologic research or remote sector of a mammary gland. Treatment surgical - and - carrying out of specific antitubercular therapy. The mammary gland syphilis meets seldom. Clinic and diagnostics primary defeat in about a dummy, (firm ) the limited ulcer with dense -. Axillary lymph nodes are increased, but leaky In the secondary period of a syphilis are available and the rash on a skin the Tertiary syphilis proceeds in the form of single . At first in thickness of a mammary gland there is a dense knot which in process of increase a skin, is formed an - ulcer reminding the breaking up cancer tumour or a tuberculosis.

Sometimes For Intoxication Reduction It Is Necessary To

Sometimes for intoxication reduction it is necessary to resort to opening of abscesses. PURULENT DISEASES OF LUNGS Purulent diseases of lungs make the big group - of the pathological processes developing in a pulmonary fabric. They - are diverse for the occurrence reasons, morphological changes-, clinical displays. Any microflora specific to purulent diseases is not present. They can be caused a streptococcus, , , , and other kinds of microflora. Great value in development of purulent diseases of lungs have group Bacteroides bacteria ( Fragilis, etc.), Peptostreptococcus anaerobicus, etc. At the special technique of crops excluding contact of microorganisms with - air, and long cultivation of culture in their thermostat it is possible to reveal at 80 - 90 % of patients with purulent diseases of lungs. are tolerant to widely used antibiotics-, are sensitive to metronidazole and - preparations similar to it- Distinguish following forms of purulent diseases of lungs: Classification purulent disease of lungs I Infectious lungs On character of pathological process: Abscess purulent or , a lung gangrene On presence of complications they can be not complicated and complicated (, pleurae, a bleeding, a sepsis).

PLEURAE (SHARP) Various On The Origin And Features

PLEURAE (SHARP) Various on the origin and features of a current inflammatory processes of a pleura unite one name - a pleurisy (pleuritis). Four principal views of reaction of a pleura in reply to action of damaging agents are known: development , serous, and a purulent pleurisy. In surgical clinic treat mainly sick with a purulent pleurisy. As at a purulent pleurisy pus accumulation occurs in the preprepared cavity, it name pleurae. The aetiology conducting the factor pleurae is penetration into a pleura of microbic flora and presence of favorable conditions for its development (presence , decrease in reactance of an organism, etc.) Depending on a source - distinguish - primary pleurae when takes place primary pleurae at getting - wounds or transpleural operations, and also - and secondary at which a source is already existing is purulent-infectious centre in an - organism. Distinguish following ways of distribution of the infectious agent on an extent (parapneumonic - developing - simultaneously with a pneumonia and metapneumonic - developing after a pneumonia pleurae, at purulent - diseases and a chest wall), and infection drift at purulent diseases of the remote bodies-.

. Primary (- Illness Of Recklinghausen Or Fibrozno-kistoznaja

. Primary (- illness of Recklinghausen or fibrozno-kistoznaja the dystrophy) is characterised by an osteoporosis, -, deformations and pathological crises of bones, - occurrence of stones and in kidneys. Disease meets usually aged is more senior 30 years, women is more often are ill. A - morphological substratum is the single adenoma of gland or it . Clinic and diagnostics: the clinical picture - is various. More often symptoms from outside kidneys, - bones and a gastroenteric path are observed-. Clinical forms -: nephritic, bone, mixed, and sharp . At the nephritic form the semiology is similar to urolithic illness. The patient is disturbed by nephritic gripes, , . Joining of an infection and degenerate changes in - kidneys lead to a pyelonephritis, , and uraemias. For the bone form pains in joints, bones and a - backbone, not disappearing even at rest are characteristic-. An early - diagnostic sign are destructions a bone layer on phalanxes of fingers of a brush, fusion parts of III phalanx which is not found out at any other disease of bones.

IV On Character Of The Message With An

IV On character of the message with an environment: not informed - with an environment (actually ), informed with an environment . V On prevalence of process: free (- total, subtotal, small); limited : , (between a diaphragm and a - lung surface), (in an intershare furrow), (over a lung top), (adjacent to ) and multichamber (when purulent congestions in a pleural cavity are divided among themselves by solderings) The pathological anatomy the bacterial - infection which has got to a pleural cavity, causes - response. The �destruction of its cellular elements, a surface of a pleura of hundred rough, dim In reply to damage begins with a pleura surface, microcirculation infringements ( - capillaries, stagnation of blood in capillaries, increase of permeability of their wall, ), in an inflammation zone appears in a considerable quantity On a place are formed fibrous imposings, and in thickness of a pleura arises typical inflammatory reaction. In an initial stage of an inflammation the considerable part is soaked up.

The Same - Actions Serve The Purposes Of

The Same - actions serve the purposes of preparation of the patient to operation. Operation is shown patients with disease II - III stages in the absence of the contra-indications caused by accompanying diseases. At disease III stages radical operation - is impracticable because of prevalence of process and irreversible - infringements of function of an internal. It is expedient to operate patients aged till 45 years as later patients transfer operation much worse and processes after it are considerably broken. Operation consists at a distance the amazed part of a lung Carry out , , , pulmon-ektomiju. At the limited bilateral defeats bilateral resections of lungs are possible. Them carry out in one stage or consistently at first on one, then on other party, - since a lung in which changes are most expressed. At - operation scoping it is necessary to remember a frequent combination - of defeat the bottom share with defeat - a segment (at the left) and an average share (on the right). Features of operations at the same illnesses, as at other purulent diseases of lungs.

In Far Come Stage The Clinical Picture -

In far come stage the clinical picture - is defined by presence a syndrome, - which basic - components the top hollow vein, a returnable nerve, a gullet. mark shade expansion , more often more expressed on the one hand, shade contours - polycyclic that specifies in increase in lymph nodes. The important role in diagnosis specification play with - and research. The miliarnaja form. For this form absence of the revealed primary centre is characteristic. Process on the clinical and radiological picture rather reminds a - tuberculosis of lungs. The diagnosis can be put at cytologic research , sometimes at . Differential diagnostics: diseases with which it is necessary to spend the differential diagnosis, often are complications of a cancer of a lung or a background on which it develops. At carrying out of the differential diagnosis it is necessary to mean inflammatory diseases of lungs, good-quality - tumours and lungs, , a chest wall, metastasises of tumours of other localisation. The central cancer of a lung the repeated and frequent aggravations which are easily giving in to therapy, - presence in a lung, remaining after an aggravation distinguish from a chronic pneumonia-, - detection in cages, signs of tumoral - defeat of the bronchial tubes, revealed at .

Fall Ill With A Cancer Of The Easy

Fall ill with a cancer of the easy man more often. The parity of number - of falling ill men to number of women makes 8:1. Aetiology: the major factors promoting - development of a cancer of a lung, harmful influences on a mucous membrane of a bronchial tree of the various substances getting to respiratory ways are. They cause development of a chronic - bronchitis, vibrating bronchial tubes in flat and its subsequent malignant regeneration. To the substances, undoubtedly having cancerogenic an effect-, the products formed at combustion of oil and its - derivatives carry-; the ores containing radioactive substances, cobalt, nickel, arsenic. The special place is occupied with the products formed at combustion of tobacco, - . It is proved that at persons, it is long - and many smokers, a lung cancer develop in 20 times more often, than at the non-smoking. The establishment of these facts demands carrying out of some preventive actions for clearing of air of city areas with automobile movement, on smoke elimination the enterprises, to elimination of a dust content of air and.

Surrounding A Mammary Gland. From A Forward Surface

Surrounding a mammary gland. From a forward surface of a mammary gland to deep layers of a skin the - considerable quantity dense - connecting goes -( sheaves), intershare partitions being continuation, from a back surface of a mammary gland go to the big chest muscle-. Between a back surface fas-tsialnogo a case and own the big chest muscle the - layer friable fatty is located. Mammary gland blood supply is carried out through branches of an internal chest - artery (a. mammaria interna), a chest artery (a. thoracica lateralis) and 3 - 7 back intercostal arteries (a. intercostalis). The venous network consists of superficial and deep systems. Deep veins accompany arteries and run in axillary, internal chest, chest and - intercostal veins, partially in external a vein. From superficial veins - of a mammary gland blood flows in skin veins of a neck, a shoulder, a lateral wall of a breast and a vein areas. Superficial and deep veins form textures in thickness of gland, a skin, hypodermic and is wide among themselves, with veins of the next areas and an opposite mammary gland.

Can Arise With . Symptoms Of Hvosteka And

Can arise with . Symptoms of Hvosteka and Trusso are characteristic. A symptom of Hvosteka - reduction of muscles in the field of a wing of a nose and a mouth corner at a finger or a hammer in the field of a projection of an obverse nerve ahead an auricle. A symptom of Trusso - - a tonic spasm of a brush in a kind of "a hand of the accoucheur", arising - in reply to pressure in the field of a nervously-vascular bunch on a shoulder. The differential diagnosis: spend with the - epilepsy attacks - which distinctive feature is - consciousness loss-. Treatment: attacks stop intravenous introduction - of a solution of chloride of calcium. For prevention of attacks patients constantly accept calcium preparations, vitamin D, . CHEST WALL. THE MAMMARY GLAND CHEST WALL SHARP INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE CHEST WALL Furuncle and most often happen on a back skin at its pollution, in places of a friction of clothes, at the aged and exhausted people, at sick of a diabetes. Clinic and diagnostics: at a furuncle and especially at backs the body temperature considerably is raised, back pains, difficulty of breath, - are marked a fever-.

At Ruptures Close Tracheas Or Simultaneous Rupture Of

At ruptures close tracheas or simultaneous rupture of a bronchial tube, a gullet probably presence - Radiological research gives the chance to reveal gas presence in , is frequent in the form of a strip along a trachea. The diagnosis put on the basis at which find out rupture of a wall of a trachea Treatment: surgical - trachea rupture. Access is defined by rupture localisation, after it follows through a cut over a cutting During operation careful audit of the next bodies which also can be damaged as a result of a trauma is necessary. Some surgeons for decrease pressure recommend imposing . INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA Inflammatory diseases of a trachea can be specific -(a tuberculosis, , a syphilis) and nonspecific. To nonspecific inflammatory diseases carry a trachea abscess, , and a chronic tracheitis at . The aetiology of these diseases - adequately is not studied. The clinical picture depends on an inflammation phase, is characterised - by cough, a short wind, joining of inflammatory process - in lungs.