At And Follicular Forms Of A Cancer Of

At and follicular forms of a cancer of a thyroid gland (I - II stages) are shown subtotal with audit of lymph nodes and their removal at revealing of metastasises. At III stage of disease - spend the combined therapy: preoperative gamma therapy, then subtotal or total with fastsialno-futljarnym from both parties. At a cancer III - IV stages if preoperative beam - therapy was not spent-, it is expedient to spend a postoperative irradiation. For influence to the remote metastasises at the differentiated - forms of a cancer appoint I133. The forecast favorable at follicular and forms of a cancer of a thyroid gland. At the solid and - not differentiated forms of a cancer the forecast bad even at rather early surgical intervention. PARATHYROID GLANDS AND THEIR DISEASES Okoloshchitovidnye glands (glandulae parathyreoideae) - glands of internal secretion. Are located on a back surface of a thyroid gland, out of its capsule, more often on two on each party. Their size and quantity considerably - vary.

The Diagnosis: Direct Instructions On Fistula Presence Is

The diagnosis: direct instructions on fistula presence is receipt in respiratory ways painted dark blue the milk entered through a probe, established on 20 sm from edge of cutters. Thus there is a cough with , painted dark blue. However test can not give results at narrow fistulas, and also at diseases of a throat and infringements a reflex. Most informatively radiological research with - introduction substances in a gullet, especially with - application or . The - additional information gives the - gullet and trachea research-, helping to find out an aperture in a gullet or trachea wall. Treatment: surgical - a section a course with the - subsequent defects in a wall of a trachea and a gullet. At the fistulas caused by disintegration of a tumour, - operation limit which apply also as time action if necessary for some term to exclude a food through a mouth. TRACHEA TUMOURS Trachea tumours make 4 - 5 % tumours-, they can be primary and secondary. To secondary tumours (more frequent) carry the new growths sprouting - in a trachea from bodies surrounding it and fabrics, and also seldom observable metastatic tumours.

Damages A Lung Can Be Result Both The

Damages a lung can be result both the closed trauma, and getting wounds (fire, wounds) Open damages are combined with - or with (the section of "pleura Damage-" see-). Symptoms: at a bruise of a lung the chest pains amplifying - at a breath, cough with , pains at a thorax on a defeat place, - shortening a sound. establish blackout of a site of a lung. At damage of a lung by fragments of the broken edges, except the listed symptoms, the congestion of air and blood in a pleural cavity, occurrence hypodermic and - emphysemas is characteristic-. Action treatment - should be directed on preventive maintenance - of development of inflammatory process (antibiotics, means) At getting wounds it is necessary urgent operation take in a lung Wound or at extensive damages make a resection of a part of a lung. Careful audit - of large vessels and heart which can be damaged simultaneously with a lung is necessary-. Thorax wound take in tightly In a pleural cavity leave underwater or vacuum-drainage on 2 - 3 days for removal pleural and air DISEASES OF LUNGS SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF LUNGS Tuberculosis of lungs.

Thereof LATS Causes The Same Excitation Of A

Thereof LATS causes the same excitation of a thyroid gland, as well as tireo-tropin as contacts the same receptors, as - last. Increase of accumulation of Tz and 4 in an organism breaks - processes oxidising in fabrics that is shown - by frustration of all kinds of an exchange, function of the central nervous - system, heart and other bodies. women at the age from 20 is more often are ill. Till 50 years. The parity of number of sick women and men makes - 10:1. The big frequency of disease at women speaks more frequent at them infringements of normal mutual relation of functions of sexual glands and gipotalamo-gipofizarnoj systems that is accompanied by the strengthened synthesis of hormones of a thyroid gland. Clinic and diagnostics: displays, characteristic for , can be at three pathological processes-: toxic a craw, toxic central <a craw - which can be multinodal or be characterised - by growth follicular in the form of single knot (- so-called an adenoma). The multinodal toxic craw usually grows out of transformation ("bazedovifi-katsii") is long existing multinodal a craw.

Spontaneous . Under Spontaneous Understand Air Congestion In

Spontaneous . Under spontaneous understand air congestion in the pleural cavity, arising without dependence from what or the making factor. Aetiology: usually spontaneous happens owing to rupture subpleural or thin-walled - , observed in the absence of other changes in a lung. Occasionally development spontaneous is caused by break in a pleura of tubercular cavities, destruction of a wall of a bronchial tube by a breaking up tumour and other reasons. Rupture or can occur during a fit of coughing at smokers owing to increase thus intrapulmonary pressure. Spontaneous can develop at any age. Describe cases of its development in newborns at carrying out by it the actions connected with sharp increase of intrapulmonary pressure. With especially serious consequences development at persons of advanced age in the presence of - accompanying diseases threatens-: warm insufficiency, a widespread - emphysema of lungs, a pneumosclerosis. At rupture of a pulmonary fabric or containing vessels solderings there is a - hemorrhage in a pleural cavity, develops .

Treatment: Finding-out Of The Reasons And Their Elimination.

Treatment: finding-out of the reasons and their elimination. . At considerable allocation of milk and - its congestion - in dairy courses there is an expansion of lacteal - channels. Appear formations of various size. At pressing the secret is allocated for formation from a nipple; at corking a channel pressing on formation is not accompanied by allocation of a secret from a nipple. have the roundish or oval form, accurate contours, a consistence. Treatment: the surgical. DISGORMONALNAJA OF THE MAMMARY GLAND changes of mammary glands with prevalence of a painful syndrome, with presence of a neurosis and functional to change- . Disease is more often observed at not giving birth or - women, especially at women with labile nervous system and with diseases of genitals. In the period in one or both mammary glands appears a swelling-, pressure, an intensive pain with in , , areas, a shoulder. At consolidation, sharp morbidity After the termination pains, pressure of mammary glands decrease, and sometimes disappear.

Morphological Research From - Mammary Gland Consolidations-, From

Morphological research from - mammary gland consolidations-, from a nipple help to diagnose. The authentic diagnosis at central can - be put only at histologic research of remote sector of a mammary gland. Treatment: at central the sectoral resection with urgent histologic research of a macropreparation is shown-. At treatment should be directed - on regulation of infringements of functions of glands of internal - secretion, treatment of diseases of female genitals, suppression processes in a mammary gland. For removal - of painful sensations appoint with and the jodi-house . For reduction processes in a - mammary gland at aged people till 40 years recommend treatment by iodine microdoses (a water solution of 0,25 % during the period on 10 ml once a day after meal within 1 year). Application of microdoses of iodine is based on stimulation - a hormone by a hypophysis. The ljuteinizirujushchy hormone normalises function with broken a phase and restores normal recurrence of changes in a mammary gland If an occurrence principal cause - is presence follicular , an - estrogen producing a - considerable quantity, treatment renders the - expressed effect.

Reveal Extensive Blackout In A Lung, To-toroe Increases

reveal extensive blackout in a lung, to-toroe increases every day. Before occurrence of antibiotics patients with a lung gangrene usually perished within the first days of disease. Treatment: sharp purulent diseases of lungs should be treated in a complex; it is directed on increase of resistibility - of an organism, improvement of conditions an abscess, struggle against an infection, normalisation of warm activity, function of an internal 1. Increase of resistibility of an organism is reached: the - corresponding hygienic mode strengthened by a food Patients with lose a considerable quantity of fiber and first of all . The general caloric content of a food should make - 3500 - 4000. A food should be albuminous; for compensation of power expenses expediently high-grade and (including ) a food. 2. Improvements of conditions manage to be reached an abscess-: application means, introduction in a bronchial tree of solutions enzymes, muko-ligicheskih means in the form of an aerosol, by pouring in an abscess cavity through , at an abscess puncture through a chest wall in case of its subpleural arrangement, - physiotherapy exercises appointment - in a combination with (giving to the patient of position at whom - abscess contents - will flow owing to weight).

Thus - Observe Receipt Of Contrast From A

Thus - observe receipt of contrast from a gullet in a tree. At an establishment of the diagnosis congenital a fistula early - urgent reconstructive operation - which is better to carry out in the first days after a birth is necessary--. Got fistulas arise at sick - of a gullet or trachea cancer at tumour disintegration. Less often traumatic damages and trachea and gullet wounds, punching of a wall of a gullet and a trachea at buzhiro-vanii a gullet, disintegration -- of the lymph nodes amazed with a tuberculosis happen their reason--. Observe punching in a trachea a gullet, - from or a narcotic tube even more seldom-. Symptoms a fistula depend on the sizes, a direction of a course of a fistula, presence or absence in it - the mechanism. At wide enough fistula - occurrence of fits of coughing is characteristic - during food intake. Cough can be accompanied by an asthma and , allocation with - food slices-. At a fistula with the mechanism cough during meal can be absent. Sometimes patients mark chest pains, voices, and vomiting with blood; the pneumonia which accepts a chronic current often develops.

First Sign A Crisis - Fast Rise In

First sign a crisis - fast rise in temperature of a body to 40�, accompanied by an accruing - tachycardia. Arterial pressure at first raises, and then psychological frustration decrease, observed. In development of a crisis the leading role is played by insufficiency of function - of a bark of the adrenal glands, caused by operational stress. Crisis treatment should be directed on struggle with nadpochechniko-howl insufficiency, cardiovascular infringements, giper-termiej and oxygen insufficiency. . At it is long an existing craw, especially at , and , owing to its constant pressure upon a trachea there are - degenerate changes in rings and them - Traheomaljatsija. After craw removal at once after tracheas or in the nearest postoperative period there can - be its excess in a site of a softening or rapprochement of walls and gleam narrowing. Comes sharp , which can lead to death of the patient if not to execute urgent ("Inflammatory diseases of a trachea" see). Postoperative - insufficiency of function - of the thyroid gland, caused by its full removal full or nearly so during operation, develops at 9 - 10 % of the operated - patients.

The Lymph Most Part Flows From Lungs In

The lymph most part flows from lungs in the right lymphatic channel, only from the top part of the left lung lymph outflow is carried out on left chains of lymph nodes From the bottom shares of both lungs a lymph flows also on the vessels going downwards in leaves of pulmonary sheaves to knot, located in back behind a gullet and a diaphragm. Lungs have parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensitive -. Sensitive lungs occurs mainly for the account nerves. All listed nerves form powerful forward and back pulmonary textures at a root of lungs. Expansion of lungs at a breath is provided with presence of negative pressure in a pleural cavity (2 - 5 mm the item). During reduction of volume of a thorax of an alveolus are fallen down, pressure exceeds them atmospheric and there is an exhalation As a result of pulmonary ventilation - alveolar air is updated. For normal gas exchange it is required, that pressure of oxygen in alveolar air made 110 mm hg, and carbonic acids of 40 mm hg Gas exchange in alveoluses occurs under physical laws of diffusion.

Define - Size, A - Consistence, Quantity, Mobility,

Define - size, a - consistence, quantity, mobility, morbidity - of lymph nodes. Technique - of self-inspection of mammary glands. For early revealing of the predopuho-left changes and - tumours of mammary glands all women are more senior 25 years should to watch a condition of mammary glands, i.e. To learn receptions - of self-inspection which - should be spent once a month in any day of 1st week after a cycle (fig. 8.) The woman should undress to a belt, examine linen, - especially in those places where it adjoined to dummies. Presence of stains (, brown or colourless) specifies on allocation from a nipple which appear at - mammary gland diseases. An exception make allocation of nipples at recently feeding when the - changes connected with pregnancy and a lactation yet have not come to the end-. Then it is examined mammary glands before a mirror at first in position with lowered, and then with the - hands lifted on a - nape. Thus it is necessary to turn slowly to the right, and then to the left.

Can Be The General And Selective When A

Can be the general and selective when a certain vessel and after introductions of a small dose of contrast - substance (15 - 20 ml) do a x-ray picture of only limited site of a lung. apply mainly to operability specification at a lung cancer. The symptom of amputation of a large branch of a pulmonary artery or defect of its filling testifies that a lung . A method use also for diagnostics a pulmonary - artery, anomalies of development of vessels of a lung, an - aneurysm. Top - contrast research of the top hollow vein. It is applied at suspicion on germination in it - tumours of a lung or , presence of metastasises of a cancer of a lung in . bronchial arteries - the x-ray research - which is carried out at filling of bronchial arteries - by contrast substance. It is shown mainly for specification of localisation of a source of a bleeding and as the method of research previous an artery at a pulmonary bleeding-. - radiological research of a thorax after introduction in gas (usually - 150 - 200 ml of oxygen) through a puncture over a breast or in the second at the left.

Under The Influence Of An Estrogen Growth And

Under the influence of an estrogen growth and maturing - of genitals and mammary glands begins-. With approach the progesterone a hormone of a yellow body In the period quantity of ferruterous courses in a mammary gland joins also increases, they extend, segments , are found out by places sl\shchennye cages, the layer - bulks up, In the period puffiness of segments, round large courses disappear At pregnancy the condition of mammary glands is influenced by the hormones developed by a placenta, - , , and also hormones of a true yellow body; synthesis of hormones of a forward share of a hypophysis during this period is lowered In a mammary gland occurs ferruterous segments After the delivery and placentae function Under influence again becomes more active and hormones of a back share of a hypophysis the lactation begins. After its termination the mammary gland is exposed physiological In the climacteric period in process of function decrease level hormones decreases and level a stimulating hormone of a hypophysis the Mammary gland raises decreases, the ferruterous fabric is replaced fibrous and fatty.

Thereof - Functional In The Beginning Changes Pass

Thereof - functional in the beginning changes pass in the irreversible anatomic - changes accruing at each aggravation of disease-. Pathological anatomy: distinguish cylindrical - and , , combined with and without . Morphological features , combined with , the following: the amazed share (or a segment) a lung is considerably reduced in sizes in comparison with norm, more light pink colouring in comparison with other - departments of a lung, is deprived a coal pigment that testifies to its �destruction in the functional relation On a cut - sharply expanded bronchial tubes approached to each other are visible-. At absence - colour and the sizes of the amazed share are not changed. On a cut normally located bronchial tubes with the - trailer departments expanded - in various degree are visible-. At microscopic research of lungs find following - changes: defeat is limited by certain - morphological structural unit (a lung, a share, a segment); small bronchial tubes are expanded, their walls and - polimorfno-nuclear cages with fibrous growths and - absence fabrics.

To Diagnostics Helps At Which Delete A Part

To diagnostics helps at which delete a part of the amazed lung. Histologic research specifies the diagnosis. GOOD-QUALITY TUMOURS OF THE LUNG Good-quality tumours of lungs are observed in 10 - 12 times less often malignant. Pathological anatomy: good-quality - tumours of lungs can develop ) bronchial tubes (papillo, adenomas);) fabrics (fibromas, myomas, nevro-gene and vascular tumours); to be - congenital tumours (, ). Most often in clinic observe adenomas of bronchial tubes and hectare-martrohondromy. On localisation good-quality tumours can be central and peripheral. The central tumours start with large bronchial tubes (I, II and III usages), can grow in a gleam of a bronchial tube or ; sometimes mark the mixed character of growth. Clinic and diagnostics: at the central arrangement of a tumour and its growth in a gleam of a large bronchial tube the short wind, productive cough, happen the most frequent symptoms. Disease develops slowly. In process of tumour growth in the beginning appears passing partial a bronchial tube, accompanied - an emphysema or hypoventilation of a part - of a lung.

Treatment: Specific Antitubercular Therapy. Neck Tumours. Distinguish: Tumours,

Treatment: specific antitubercular therapy. Neck tumours. Distinguish: tumours, tumours, tumoral defeats of lymph nodes of a neck (primary and secondary - metastatic). Vneorgannye tumours of a neck are derivatives , a muscular and nervous fabric. Can be good-quality (a fibroma, , ) or malignant. Clinical picture: depends on a kind of a tumour, its localisation, a stage. The majority of tumours of soft fabrics - good-quality, slowly growing, is caused by only cosmetic inconveniences. Malignant tumours proceed mainly from neck bodies. Treatment: at good-quality tumours surgical, at malignant the combined. Defeat of lymph nodes of a neck most often meets - at diseases fabrics (, , - illness of Hodzhkina). - Defeat of lymph nodes of a neck at the majority of patients is only expression of system disease, therefore treatment of such patients is made in specialised oncological or hospitals. A treatment principle - the beam therapy - combined with chemotherapy. Surgical treatment - is limited or removal of a lymph node for - histologic research.

Getting Into Blood, They Become Antigenes And Form

Getting into blood, they become antigenes and form antibodies against cages of a thyroid gland and . The last - . It leads to infringement - of synthesis normal hormones that causes - increase of secretion of a hypophysis and a thyroid gland. In late stages of disease gland function - is lowered, accumulation in it of iodine goes down. Clinic and diagnostics: Hashimoto arises at women aged is more senior 50 years is more often. Disease - develops slowly (1 - 4 years). A unique symptom throughout - long time is the thyroid gland increase. To the touch it dense, but is not soldered to surrounding fabrics and is mobile at Further there is a discomfort, signs Regionarnye lymph nodes - are not increased. The great value in diagnostics has detection in - whey of the patient the Definitive answer receive at . Treatment: conservative, includes appointment and hormones the Dose hormones - select individually, an average daily dose 0,1 - 0,3 the Daily dose 20 - 40 mg during 1 1/2 - 2 with - gradual reduction of a dose.

Treatment: The Surgical. Depending On The Sizes -

Treatment: the surgical. Depending on the sizes - of a tumour - a sectoral resection at the small sizes of a tumour or simple at formations in diameter more than 8 - 10 sm with urgent histologic research of a macropreparation. At malignant regeneration of a tumour should be executed radical on Holstedu the Further treatment - it is defined by the data researches - of lymph nodes. The mammary gland adenoma meets seldom, it is difficult - for distinguishing from . The adenoma is accurately delimited from a surrounding fabric of a mammary gland. The correct diagnosis is possible only after histologic research of a macropreparation. Papillomas of channels of a mammary gland develop in the channels connected with a nipple, and in smaller channels. Clinic and diagnostics: allocation from nipples , brown, ; sometimes small chest pains. gives the chance to find out defects of filling - in channels, precisely to define localisation of papillomas. Defects of filling have accurate contours, roundish outlines.

They Increase Glucose And In Intestines And Their

They increase glucose and in intestines and their expense in cages; , disintegration also reduce its maintenance in a liver; render beings influence on a fatty exchange. The thyroid gland hormone together with parathyroid glands regulates a calcium and phosphorus exchange. Pathological anatomy. The majority - thyroid gland disease - causes increase in its sizes. It can be caused fabrics of a thyroid gland at the expense of excessive accumulation in follicles, development of inflammatory process, tumour growth. Craw - limited or the increase in a thyroid gland having in a basis hyperplastic or degenerate changes. Two basic forms distinguish: (usually a microfollicular central craw) and the - generated follicles ( a toxic craw). Strictly it is impossible to differentiate them, as they are often combined. - happens , uniform on all gland, and in separate sites from which knots can develop. name a craw if expansion of follicles and accumulation in them is sharply expressed. Besides, allocate regressive forms to which carry fibrous, and a craw.

The Greatest Distribution - Has Received Radical ,

The greatest distribution - has received radical , the offered V.Holstedom and V.Mejerom, - mammary gland removal by the uniform block with small and big pectoral muscles and (with - lymph nodes) , and subscapular areas. At not palpated cancer of a mammary gland and at a cancer I, __ and stages, older persons, at a bilateral cancer choice operation can have an operation on Pejti - mammary gland removal - by the uniform block with a small chest muscle and (with - lymph nodes) axillary, and subscapular areas. The survival rate of patients after operation on Pejti does not concede to results of operation of Holsteda. The best functional and cosmetic results give the chance to use more widely operation of Pejti At elderly patients with heavy accompanying diseases and the raised risk of operation carry out simple with removal axillary area. In I and __ and stages at tumour localisation in the central and medial departments of a mammary gland some oncologists - apply expanded (podkryltsovo-grudinnuju) on Urbanu.

Activators Of A Sharp Mastitis: , In A

Activators of a sharp mastitis: , in a - combination to an intestinal stick, to a streptococcus; seldom - , a stick, fungi. Paramount value give to an intrahospital infection. Entrance gate of an infection - cracks of nipples. Infection penetration through channels is possible at milk decantation, feeding, less often it gets or a way from other infectious centres. The great value at mastitis development has decrease in protective forces of an organism. Disease development is promoted by infringements of outflow of milk with development . Phases of development of a sharp mastitis: serous, and . In a phase of a serous inflammation the mammary gland fabric is impregnated by a serous liquid, round vessels the congestion of leukocytes is marked At inflammation progressing serous replaces purulent - a mammary gland with the small centres of purulent fusion which, merging, form abscesses On localisation abscesses divide on hypodermic, , , . Clinic and diagnostics: disease begins with a pain and a mammary gland, body rise in temperature.

At Which Find Out A Branch Departing From

at which find out a branch departing from an aorta to a lung part, gives the chance to make the definitive diagnosis of developmental anomaly Treatment: in the presence of inflammatory process in - its resection is shown a lung part. Congenital an emphysema. At this developmental anomaly defect of development rings of a share or segmentary bronchial tube takes place. Are possible also a bronchial tube excess, its vessels, the mucous membrane hypertrophy, leading - to partial obstruction. Formation the mechanism conducts to a sharp swelling a lung. The sharp swelling of a part of a lung - leads its next departments, to displacement -. Clinical symptoms can appear right after births. The short wind, cough, attacks are characteristic at feeding. Joining of an infection and pneumonia development is quite often marked. At a chronic current there comes adaptation of an organism to the conditions caused by an emphysema which, reaching certain volume, ceases to accrue. Fizikalnoe research in most cases allows a cart to make the presumable diagnosis at survey mark a thorax according to emphysema area, expansion of intercostal intervals, at a sound.

Within Several Days There Is A Maturing And

Within several days there is a maturing and a softening - of a furuncle with a hair follicle and tearing away fabrics. At tearing away process - fabrics occurs is longer. Inflammatory can extend on hypodermic and , conduct to abscess or phlegmon formation. The condition of such patients becomes heavier: a body temperature high-, pulse frequent, a collapse. - , towering over a surface skin, sharp morbidity at . Treatment: in formation conservative (, therapy). At progressing of process and operation is shown: opening of an abscess or fabrics at , - antibiotics, therapy. an abscess and phlegmons. The purulent - process developing in a connecting fabric, settling down - under the big chest muscle, quite often begins with an - inflammation lymph nodes. The activator is a streptococcus is more often. As an infection source - inflammatory processes of a skin of a brush, a shoulder, a forearm, a - mammary gland, a neck or a head serve-. Owing to a deep arrangement - of the inflamed lymph nodes process extends on lymphatic ways deep into, can pass to a pleura and .

The Sporadic Craw Arises At The People Living

The sporadic craw arises at the people living out of - areas , owing to insufficient iodine in intestines, hormonal infringements, etc. Is observed at - women in 8 - 10 times more often, than at men. Clinic and diagnostics: a leading symptom - and a sporadic craw is the thyroid gland increase. Survey and allow to define degree of increase in a thyroid gland: - About degree - gland is not visible and is not palpated; - I degree - gland is not visible, but the isthmus is probed and is visible at movements; - II degree - during swallowing is visible and the - thyroid gland is well probed-, but the neck form is not changed; - III degree of iron is appreciable approximately at survey, changes a neck contour, giving it a kind of "a thick neck"; - IV degree - obviously expressed craw breaking a configuration - of a neck; - V degree - increased gland reaches the huge sizes - that is quite often accompanied a gullet, a trachea with swallowing and breath infringement. On a functional condition the craw can be: - thyroid gland function is raised; - thyroid gland function is not broken; - thyroid gland function is lowered.

In Connection With Prevalence , Variety Morphological Change,

In connection with prevalence , variety morphological change, clinical forms of a current, features of treatment the tuberculosis of lungs is considered in special managements. It is necessary to underline, however, that the differential diagnosis - between a tuberculosis and a number of other diseases of the lungs often demanding application of surgical treatment, represents difficulties Besides, quite often those or other pathological - processes (a cancer, , proof a share or all lung, etc.) develop against a tuberculosis or last - even is an immediate cause from development In these cases surgical treatment often happens it is necessary to combine All stated with intensive antitubercular medicamentous therapy does necessary careful research of each patient with disease of lungs for the purpose of revealing at it a tuberculosis of lungs. The majority of patients with various forms of a tuberculosis of lungs accepts surgical intervention - removal - of the amazed part of the easy Indication to a lung resection at a tuberculosis can be shown in following groups.

, Arrived From A Thyroid Gland In A

, arrived from a thyroid gland in a vascular channel, contacts fibers of whey owing to what concentration iodine in blood is often used as an indicator activity of a thyroid gland. Now many researchers consider Tz and 4 as forms uniform a hormone, and ( <) it is necessary to consider as a prohormone, or the transport form, and Tz - the basic form of a hormone. Regulation of synthesis and secretion of hormones of a thyroid gland is carried out by the central nervous system through gipotalamo-gipofizarnuju system. - the tireotropin-rilizing-hormone which, getting to a hypophysis, stimulates development . on a blood channel reaches a thyroid gland and regulates its growth and function. Between the central nervous system, a hypophysis and a thyroid gland there is also a feedback. At surplus hormones hypophysis function goes down, and at their deficiency raises. Increase of production - results not only in strengthening of function of a thyroid gland, but also to or central it . and stimulate processes of oxidation and strengthen the oxygen expense in the fabrics, necessary for normal growth of an organism, play the important role in a salt and water exchange, stimulate fiber synthesis.

Periodically Arising Aggravations Lead - To Involving In

Periodically arising aggravations lead - to involving in inflammatory process of new sites of a lung, to growth - of a connecting fabric in a circle of an abscess and on a course of bronchial tubes-, to a thrombosis of vessels There are conditions for development new , a widespread bronchitis. Fusion of blood clots and in bronchial tubes conduct to to bleedings from - branches of bronchial arteries. Thus, the chain of pathoanatomical changes at chronic abscesses (single or plural) excludes possibility of an absolute recovery of the patient Clinic and diagnostics: two basic forms, or type, a current of chronic abscesses allocate. The first type. The sharp stage comes to the end with clinical recover - of the patient or considerable improvement. The patient write out - from a hospital with a normal body temperature. Changes in a lung are treated as the limited pneumosclerosis, sometimes with "a dry cavity". After an extract the condition remains - satisfactory, and the patient quite often starts to work.

Sometimes On Roentgenograms Are Visible To A Shade

Sometimes on roentgenograms are visible to a shade (gleams of the expanded - bronchial tubes), the pulmonary drawing caused - available at . gives the chance to characterise precisely - features of pathological process and its prevalence. come to light in the form of plural cylindrical or expansions of bronchial tubes with accurate contours. In the field of an arrangement small - branchings of bronchial tubes and an alveolus are not filled with contrast substance-. In the presence of accompanying the expanded bronchial tubes are pull together among themselves while at absence they occupy the usual position. The clinical semiology at illnesses varies depending on a stage of its development. It is possible to allocate three stages of development of disease, in general corresponding - to the stages of morphological changes resulted above in lungs of the Stage of development illnesses the Initial - stage. Cough changeable, the mucopurulent. Aggravations - of disease with a clinical picture the rare.

Quite Often (especially At A Craw) Patients Complain

Quite often (especially at a craw) patients complain of a weight condition in a head at body inclinations. At survey of these patients it is possible to note expansion of veins of a neck, characteristic drawing -"a head of a jellyfish" in the field of the top part of a chest wall. Breath infringement causes development of the changes - characterised as " heart". a sympathetic trunk - causes occurrence of a syndrome of Gornera (, , ), change half of body on the party . At a hypoglossal craw owing to a pushing off breath is broken. At a craw located behind a gullet, the complicated swallowing is marked, especially at head turn. Radiological research allows to establish a - barium delay - at level a craw, gullet displacement or in a direction. The aberrantnyj craw - pathologically increased additional - thyroid gland, often is exposed to malignant regeneration-. Quite often for a craw accept metastasises of a cancer of a thyroid gland in neck lymph nodes. Treatment: at small craws appoint -.

A Tuberculosis Gets Through Lacteal Channels, And Also

a tuberculosis gets through lacteal channels, and also on lymphatic ways from a lung root, , - axillary lymph nodes and a way at sharp a tuberculosis. Forms of a tuberculosis of a mammary gland knotty, ulcer, sclerous and . Clinic and diagnostics a dummy, dense without accurate contours, a skin, in - axillary area the dense, increased lymph nodes. On the basis of these signs the mammary gland tuberculosis can - be accepted for a cancer. The diagnosis establish on the basis of the anamnesis data (a - tuberculosis of lungs, lymph nodes and ) and histologic research or remote sector of a mammary gland. Treatment surgical - and - carrying out of specific antitubercular therapy. The mammary gland syphilis meets seldom. Clinic and diagnostics primary defeat in about a dummy, (firm ) the limited ulcer with dense -. Axillary lymph nodes are increased, but leaky In the secondary period of a syphilis are available and the rash on a skin the Tertiary syphilis proceeds in the form of single . At first in thickness of a mammary gland there is a dense knot which in process of increase a skin, is formed an - ulcer reminding the breaking up cancer tumour or a tuberculosis.

Sometimes For Intoxication Reduction It Is Necessary To

Sometimes for intoxication reduction it is necessary to resort to opening of abscesses. PURULENT DISEASES OF LUNGS Purulent diseases of lungs make the big group - of the pathological processes developing in a pulmonary fabric. They - are diverse for the occurrence reasons, morphological changes-, clinical displays. Any microflora specific to purulent diseases is not present. They can be caused a streptococcus, , , , and other kinds of microflora. Great value in development of purulent diseases of lungs have group Bacteroides bacteria ( Fragilis, etc.), Peptostreptococcus anaerobicus, etc. At the special technique of crops excluding contact of microorganisms with - air, and long cultivation of culture in their thermostat it is possible to reveal at 80 - 90 % of patients with purulent diseases of lungs. are tolerant to widely used antibiotics-, are sensitive to metronidazole and - preparations similar to it- Distinguish following forms of purulent diseases of lungs: Classification purulent disease of lungs I Infectious lungs On character of pathological process: Abscess purulent or , a lung gangrene On presence of complications they can be not complicated and complicated (, pleurae, a bleeding, a sepsis).

PLEURAE (SHARP) Various On The Origin And Features

PLEURAE (SHARP) Various on the origin and features of a current inflammatory processes of a pleura unite one name - a pleurisy (pleuritis). Four principal views of reaction of a pleura in reply to action of damaging agents are known: development , serous, and a purulent pleurisy. In surgical clinic treat mainly sick with a purulent pleurisy. As at a purulent pleurisy pus accumulation occurs in the preprepared cavity, it name pleurae. The aetiology conducting the factor pleurae is penetration into a pleura of microbic flora and presence of favorable conditions for its development (presence , decrease in reactance of an organism, etc.) Depending on a source - distinguish - primary pleurae when takes place primary pleurae at getting - wounds or transpleural operations, and also - and secondary at which a source is already existing is purulent-infectious centre in an - organism. Distinguish following ways of distribution of the infectious agent on an extent (parapneumonic - developing - simultaneously with a pneumonia and metapneumonic - developing after a pneumonia pleurae, at purulent - diseases and a chest wall), and infection drift at purulent diseases of the remote bodies-.

. Primary (- Illness Of Recklinghausen Or Fibrozno-kistoznaja

. Primary (- illness of Recklinghausen or fibrozno-kistoznaja the dystrophy) is characterised by an osteoporosis, -, deformations and pathological crises of bones, - occurrence of stones and in kidneys. Disease meets usually aged is more senior 30 years, women is more often are ill. A - morphological substratum is the single adenoma of gland or it . Clinic and diagnostics: the clinical picture - is various. More often symptoms from outside kidneys, - bones and a gastroenteric path are observed-. Clinical forms -: nephritic, bone, mixed, and sharp . At the nephritic form the semiology is similar to urolithic illness. The patient is disturbed by nephritic gripes, , . Joining of an infection and degenerate changes in - kidneys lead to a pyelonephritis, , and uraemias. For the bone form pains in joints, bones and a - backbone, not disappearing even at rest are characteristic-. An early - diagnostic sign are destructions a bone layer on phalanxes of fingers of a brush, fusion parts of III phalanx which is not found out at any other disease of bones.

IV On Character Of The Message With An

IV On character of the message with an environment: not informed - with an environment (actually ), informed with an environment . V On prevalence of process: free (- total, subtotal, small); limited : , (between a diaphragm and a - lung surface), (in an intershare furrow), (over a lung top), (adjacent to ) and multichamber (when purulent congestions in a pleural cavity are divided among themselves by solderings) The pathological anatomy the bacterial - infection which has got to a pleural cavity, causes - response. The �destruction of its cellular elements, a surface of a pleura of hundred rough, dim In reply to damage begins with a pleura surface, microcirculation infringements ( - capillaries, stagnation of blood in capillaries, increase of permeability of their wall, ), in an inflammation zone appears in a considerable quantity On a place are formed fibrous imposings, and in thickness of a pleura arises typical inflammatory reaction. In an initial stage of an inflammation the considerable part is soaked up.

The Same - Actions Serve The Purposes Of

The Same - actions serve the purposes of preparation of the patient to operation. Operation is shown patients with disease II - III stages in the absence of the contra-indications caused by accompanying diseases. At disease III stages radical operation - is impracticable because of prevalence of process and irreversible - infringements of function of an internal. It is expedient to operate patients aged till 45 years as later patients transfer operation much worse and processes after it are considerably broken. Operation consists at a distance the amazed part of a lung Carry out , , , pulmon-ektomiju. At the limited bilateral defeats bilateral resections of lungs are possible. Them carry out in one stage or consistently at first on one, then on other party, - since a lung in which changes are most expressed. At - operation scoping it is necessary to remember a frequent combination - of defeat the bottom share with defeat - a segment (at the left) and an average share (on the right). Features of operations at the same illnesses, as at other purulent diseases of lungs.

In Far Come Stage The Clinical Picture -

In far come stage the clinical picture - is defined by presence a syndrome, - which basic - components the top hollow vein, a returnable nerve, a gullet. mark shade expansion , more often more expressed on the one hand, shade contours - polycyclic that specifies in increase in lymph nodes. The important role in diagnosis specification play with - and research. The miliarnaja form. For this form absence of the revealed primary centre is characteristic. Process on the clinical and radiological picture rather reminds a - tuberculosis of lungs. The diagnosis can be put at cytologic research , sometimes at . Differential diagnostics: diseases with which it is necessary to spend the differential diagnosis, often are complications of a cancer of a lung or a background on which it develops. At carrying out of the differential diagnosis it is necessary to mean inflammatory diseases of lungs, good-quality - tumours and lungs, , a chest wall, metastasises of tumours of other localisation. The central cancer of a lung the repeated and frequent aggravations which are easily giving in to therapy, - presence in a lung, remaining after an aggravation distinguish from a chronic pneumonia-, - detection in cages, signs of tumoral - defeat of the bronchial tubes, revealed at .

Fall Ill With A Cancer Of The Easy

Fall ill with a cancer of the easy man more often. The parity of number - of falling ill men to number of women makes 8:1. Aetiology: the major factors promoting - development of a cancer of a lung, harmful influences on a mucous membrane of a bronchial tree of the various substances getting to respiratory ways are. They cause development of a chronic - bronchitis, vibrating bronchial tubes in flat and its subsequent malignant regeneration. To the substances, undoubtedly having cancerogenic an effect-, the products formed at combustion of oil and its - derivatives carry-; the ores containing radioactive substances, cobalt, nickel, arsenic. The special place is occupied with the products formed at combustion of tobacco, - . It is proved that at persons, it is long - and many smokers, a lung cancer develop in 20 times more often, than at the non-smoking. The establishment of these facts demands carrying out of some preventive actions for clearing of air of city areas with automobile movement, on smoke elimination the enterprises, to elimination of a dust content of air and.

Surrounding A Mammary Gland. From A Forward Surface

Surrounding a mammary gland. From a forward surface of a mammary gland to deep layers of a skin the - considerable quantity dense - connecting goes -( sheaves), intershare partitions being continuation, from a back surface of a mammary gland go to the big chest muscle-. Between a back surface fas-tsialnogo a case and own the big chest muscle the - layer friable fatty is located. Mammary gland blood supply is carried out through branches of an internal chest - artery (a. mammaria interna), a chest artery (a. thoracica lateralis) and 3 - 7 back intercostal arteries (a. intercostalis). The venous network consists of superficial and deep systems. Deep veins accompany arteries and run in axillary, internal chest, chest and - intercostal veins, partially in external a vein. From superficial veins - of a mammary gland blood flows in skin veins of a neck, a shoulder, a lateral wall of a breast and a vein areas. Superficial and deep veins form textures in thickness of gland, a skin, hypodermic and is wide among themselves, with veins of the next areas and an opposite mammary gland.

Can Arise With . Symptoms Of Hvosteka And

Can arise with . Symptoms of Hvosteka and Trusso are characteristic. A symptom of Hvosteka - reduction of muscles in the field of a wing of a nose and a mouth corner at a finger or a hammer in the field of a projection of an obverse nerve ahead an auricle. A symptom of Trusso - - a tonic spasm of a brush in a kind of "a hand of the accoucheur", arising - in reply to pressure in the field of a nervously-vascular bunch on a shoulder. The differential diagnosis: spend with the - epilepsy attacks - which distinctive feature is - consciousness loss-. Treatment: attacks stop intravenous introduction - of a solution of chloride of calcium. For prevention of attacks patients constantly accept calcium preparations, vitamin D, . CHEST WALL. THE MAMMARY GLAND CHEST WALL SHARP INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE CHEST WALL Furuncle and most often happen on a back skin at its pollution, in places of a friction of clothes, at the aged and exhausted people, at sick of a diabetes. Clinic and diagnostics: at a furuncle and especially at backs the body temperature considerably is raised, back pains, difficulty of breath, - are marked a fever-.

At Ruptures Close Tracheas Or Simultaneous Rupture Of

At ruptures close tracheas or simultaneous rupture of a bronchial tube, a gullet probably presence - Radiological research gives the chance to reveal gas presence in , is frequent in the form of a strip along a trachea. The diagnosis put on the basis at which find out rupture of a wall of a trachea Treatment: surgical - trachea rupture. Access is defined by rupture localisation, after it follows through a cut over a cutting During operation careful audit of the next bodies which also can be damaged as a result of a trauma is necessary. Some surgeons for decrease pressure recommend imposing . INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA Inflammatory diseases of a trachea can be specific -(a tuberculosis, , a syphilis) and nonspecific. To nonspecific inflammatory diseases carry a trachea abscess, , and a chronic tracheitis at . The aetiology of these diseases - adequately is not studied. The clinical picture depends on an inflammation phase, is characterised - by cough, a short wind, joining of inflammatory process - in lungs.

Chronic The Mastitis Can Be An Outcome Of

Chronic the mastitis can be an outcome of a sharp mastitis at its wrong treatment or the primary independent disease caused - by an infection. Clinic and diagnostics: the body temperature normal or , a mammary gland is increased in sizes according to an inflammation zone, sometimes is available skin, it If the chronic mastitis is an outcome of sharp process in the field of the former abscess there are fistulas with poor - purulent separated At in a fabric dairy is defined , slightly painful at is Sometimes expressed . Diagnostics is helped by the anamnesis data (the transferred sharp mastitis), presence of hems after the former abscess, traumas, operations, propensity to inflammation relapses the Definitive diagnosis is put only on the basis for a new growth exception-. Treatment: in the presence of purulent process abscess opening - the changed fabrics, with wounds In the presence of inflammatory - - physiotherapeutic treatment CHRONIC SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES of the MAMMARY GLAND the Tuberculosis of mammary glands is secondary is more often.

MAMMARY GLAND TUMOURS . Some Researchers Carry To

MAMMARY GLAND TUMOURS . Some researchers carry to Meets more often at the age of 15 - 35 years, at the majority of patients (at 90 %) in the form of single knot. Pathological anatomy: the tumour consists from elements and a connecting fabric. Distinguish peri - and . The sizes of a tumour are various: from microscopic to huge Clinic and diagnostics: happens is more often. Such has the roundish form, accurate contours, it is painless at , does not disappear at a mammary gland in position of the patient lying (symptom KfHHJ'a positive). On the shade of the roundish form with accurate contours is visible. Treatment: removal of a tumour with a fabric - of a mammary gland surrounding it -(a sectoral resection). - a version . The tumour has characteristic layered structure, is well delimited from surrounding fabrics, however no present capsule has, quickly increases in sizes. - and then in bones, easy both other bodies the Clinic and diagnostics sometimes is exposed - to malignant regeneration: at enough big sizes are visible and cyanosis of a skin over a tumour, however last is seldom involved in tumoral process.

Fibrous Cicatricial Imposings Are Condensed, A Lung, Limit

Fibrous cicatricial imposings are condensed, a lung, limit respiratory movements. the pulmonary fabric also is condensed In this period sharp passes in chronic In the rubtsovo-changed pleura in a late stage of illness there is an adjournment of salts. Is purulent-destructive process in a pleura (it is timely not ) causes development in an organism of some heavy changes from outside hearts, a liver, kidneys, characteristic for a - long purulent intoxication. At destruction a cover bacterial - enzymes pus can fall outside the limits a pleural cavity, forming abscesses between thorax muscles, under a skin or is opened outside (empyema necessitatis). - Spontaneous break of a purulent congestion in a pericardium cavity, a gullet, through a diaphragm is possible also-. : development pleurae is accompanied by infringement of function of cardiovascular system, breath, a liver-, kidneys and bodies. These infringements can - sharply develop or gradually. Especially heavy infringements - arise at break in a pleural cavity of an abscess of the lung having the wide message with by ways.

The Resulted Classification Is Convenient In Practical Activities

The resulted classification is convenient in practical activities - as provides for each stage of disease certain medical actions. To four stages of a cancer of a mammary gland there correspond the following - combinations TNM on the International classification. I stage - 1 - 2NOMO II stage - 1 - 2NIMO III stage - 1 - 2N2 - IV stage - any combination and N at value Ml. The note. Degrees and N are specified at histologic research - of a remote preparation. Treatment: the choice of a method of treatment of a cancer of a mammary gland depends on prevalence of process, a morphological structure - of a tumour, age of the patient, a condition and ova-rialnoj functions, the general condition, accompanying diseases-. Treatment methods: surgical, combined (a - combination of operation to beam therapy or to medicinal - therapy) and complex (a combination of operation to beam, medicinal - and hormonal therapy). The leader in treatment of a cancer - of a mammary gland is the surgical method. In I and the Pas stages is shown surgical intervention.

All These Receptions Repeat At Inspection Of The

All these receptions repeat at inspection of the left mammary gland. SPECIAL METHODS OF RESEARCH - radiological research of mammary glands. On the special device carry out roentgenograms in two projections, if necessary do aim roentgenograms - with increase. The method allows to establish presence - of changes of structure of a fabric of a mammary gland, presence and changes in axillary lymph nodes to reveal tumoral knot in diameter to 10 mm, i.e. Knot of such size, which doctor, as a rule, cannot define at , especially if the knot is located in deep departments of a mammary gland - of the big size. Contrast gives the chance - to reveal changes in gland channels. It is shown patients at whom allocation of nipples is observed. Area and a dummy - process spirit. On a secret drop find an external - aperture a lacteal channel. On depth 5 - 8 mm enter a thin needle into it with a blunt end. Through a needle under - small pressure into a channel enter 0,3 - 1 ml of 60 % of a solution or before occurrence of feeling small or easy morbidity.

Frustration Of A Water Exchange (increase And Strengthening

Frustration of a water exchange (increase and strengthening ), infringement of function - of a pancreas (the latent diabetes) cause excessive thirst. The part of patients has "eye symptoms". it is caused by a hypostasis and growth a - fatty fabric under influence a substance - produced by a forward share of a hypophysis. Replacement a fibrous fabric leads irreversible . At expansion of an eye crack - with the advent of a white strip between an iris of the eye and an upper eyelid (a symptom of Delrimplja) is observed-. A rare blinking of eyelids (a symptom of Shtelvaga - explain fall of sensitivity of a cornea - weakness of convergence, i.e. Ability loss to fix a sight at a short distance (Moebius's symptom), connect with weakness - of eye muscles. Backlog of an upper eyelid from an iris of the eye at fixing by sight of subject slowly moved downwards, in this connection between an upper eyelid and an iris of the eye - there is a white strip (a symptom Gref), it is caused a tone of the muscle lifting an upper eyelid.

Occurs At The Expense Of Small Branches Of

occurs at the expense of small branches of a humeral texture and 2 - 7 - branches of intercostal nerves. The lymphatic system consists of superficial and deep textures. Lymph outflow occurs mainly in axillary lymph nodes (fig. 7). From the central and medial departments of a mammary gland lymphatic vessels go deep into to to lymph nodes. Lymph outflow also to the lymph nodes located at the top department of a vagina of a direct muscle of a stomach, to , to lymph nodes of the party with the same name and to to lymph nodes of an opposite - mammary gland is possible-. The basic function of a mammary gland - synthesis and milk secretion. The structure and function of mammary glands essentially vary at different stages - a cycle, pregnancy, a lactation, age processes. These - changes are defined by function bodies. With 10 - 12-year-old age at girls start to be developed follikulin-stimulirujushy and hormones of a forward share of a hypophysis which cause transformation follicles in mature, sekre-tirujushchie an estrogen.

At Simultaneous Damage Of A Lung The Operation

At simultaneous damage of a lung the operation volume is defined by character of this damage ( lung wounds, a lung resection) . Arises at a hook a kind the channel or lung damage when air enters into a pleural cavity, but leave it cannot, as the channel at an exhalation is covered with fabrics of edges of a wound of a chest wall (at external ) or a lung fabric (at internal ) As a result of it in cavities accumulates air, pressure gradually increases in it that leads to development strained , accompanied a lung, veins , displacement - in the healthy party, heavy frustration of breath and haemodynamics (rice 23, and,). K and diagnostics: strained it is shown by accruing frustration of breath and warm activity Accrue , the short wind, pulse becomes frequent, fillings At on the party is strained define high a sound, bodies in the healthy party. Treatment first aid consists in an urgent puncture of a pleural cavity for reduction of pressure in it. The subsequent medical actions depend on character of available damage and should provide liquidation the mechanism, air from a pleural cavity and a lung.

The Definitive Diagnosis In Doubtful Cases Is Possible

The definitive diagnosis in doubtful cases is possible only after a site of the changed wall of a bronchial tube or cytologic research -, a print or a bronchial tube mucous membrane. Histologic research of a slice of the tumour received at , helps to make the definitive diagnosis and at - suspicion on a good-quality central tumour. The differential diagnosis between peripheral -, , good-quality tumours and a lung is most difficult-. At before its disintegration and break in a bronchial tube when in appear a tuberculosis, and the cavity in a lung comes to light, the - differential diagnosis can be spent only on the basis punk-tsionnoi formations in a lung. Indirect signs are primary localisation of formation - in lung departments, the non-uniformity of a fabric - revealed at radiological research. The last speaks - distinction components in (from a pneumonia to ). Good-quality tumours of lungs peripheral gamarto - long time proceed , usually them casually reveal at radiological research.

Clinic And Diagnostics: The Pain In Mammary Glands

Clinic and diagnostics: the pain in mammary glands appears in the middle a cycle and before , is accompanied by consolidation of mammary glands, sometimes - from nipples. The pain can be: pricking, shooting, sharp with in a back, a neck. At a mammary gland define consolidation of lobular character with a rough - surface, fabrics, morbidity. After at a pain the insignificant, all mammary gland is in regular intervals condensed, . At central define the - single or plural centres; they , are not connected with a skin, with a nipple, are mobile, in a prone position of the patient - are not palpated (a symptom of Keniga negative). Lymph nodes are not increased. On an extent a cycle the consolidation centres do not change. On the shade against which are defined , sometimes - adjournment of salts of calcium is visible. Blackouts quite often - alternate with the sites of an enlightenment caused by presence . At development against a cancer the shade density, its homogeneity become more intensive, shades also amplify and become chaotic.

Treatment During The Periods Apply Treatment, Indication Means

Treatment during the periods apply treatment, Indication means to operation (removal of a share of a lung) arise at deterioration cavities, the frequent aggravations breaking work capacity of the patient. STAFILOKOKOVAJA OF THE LUNG Under staphylococcal lungs understand on at the patient drain or a pneumonia tending to to a pulmonary fabric with development of pleural complications of a pleurisy, , Aetiology can be primary when it arises - after the transferred pneumonia, or secondary owing to or drift of an infection from the extrapulmonary centre. Disease is more often observed at children, persons young and environments it age and is one of the main reasons lethal courses in flash of a flu epidemic And Pathological anatomy of change at at adults are characterised by a pneumonia carrying largely - and small character the inflammation Zone happens plentifully leukocytes to presence of sites a pulmonary fabric and destruction of interalveolar partitions. In bodies changes, characteristic for a sepsis develop.

Raising Pressure In System Of The Narcotic Device,

Raising pressure in system of the narcotic device, inflate a lung; thus it is squeezed out through a cut in a fibrous capsule. After its removal carefully take in bronchial fistulas and the formed cavity in a lung Ideal at small and absence inflammations; 3) a lung resection at make under strictly limited indications, mainly at extensive secondary inflammatory processes or a combination with another the diseases demanding a resection of a lung. At bilateral defeats operation is carried out in two this by pases with an interval 2 - 3 months after operations apropos makes - 0,5 - 1 %, relapses are observed approximately at 1 % of patients. Alveolar lungs. Meets at the person several times less often - single-chamber . Usually defeat extends on a lung from a liver through a diaphragm and a pleura. A current heavier and fast, than at single-chamber . At radiological research defeat comes to light in the form of the wrong form of the shade which character usually it is impossible to define.

In The Left Lung There Is No Average

In the left lung there is no average share, but according to it there is not separated by an accurate intershare furrow a segment of the top share a Pulmonary segment the basic morphological unit of a pulmonary fabric In its structure the anatomic complex having a separate bronchial tube, an artery, veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels Under the form a segment enters reminds the wrong form a cone or a many-sided pyramid with the top directed to a root, and the basis to lung periphery. boundary and (terminal and respiratory) in lung segments. Division comes to an end with alveolar courses, Table 1: Classification of segments of lungs Right a lung a share The top Average The bottom 1. Top 2. Back 3. Forward 4. 5. Medial 6. Top 7. (Warm) 8 Perednebazalnyj 9 Lateralno-bazalnyj 10 ZadnebazalnyjVerhnjaja Jazychkovyj segment The bottom 1 - 2. 3. Forward 4. Top 5, Bottom 6. Top 7 Is absent 8. 9. 10. Passing in the alveolar bags, which walls are stuck out and form alveoluses. Walls of alveoluses have three layers.

At By Means Of Special Nippers It Is

At by means of special nippers it is possible - to take a slice of a tumour or suspicious on it a slice of a fabric for histologic research, by means of a special brush - to receive a bronchial tube mucous membrane (so-called brash-biopsija) for histologic and cytologic research-, a damp tampon to take dab for cytologic - research. Special with optics (firm "Olimpus" or similar systems) give the chance to investigate bronchial branches 4 - 5 usages and to receive from them a material for cytologic research. Cytologic research. To cytologic research should be exposed , pleural , a material received brash-biopsiej and by means of a tampon at -, . Other methods of research apply under certain indications to specification of the diagnosis, definition of communication of a tumour of a lung with surrounding fabrics, revealings of metastasises, receptions a material. The computer tomography allows to receive the x-ray image of cross-section cuts of a thorax and its bodies with very big image sharpness and the big resolution.

Thus Find Out Tumours In Diameter To 0,5

Thus find out tumours in diameter to 0,5 sm which cannot be revealed at . Usually the woman herself finds out a tumour in a mammary gland - that forces it to address to the doctor. Sometimes a tumour - reveal unexpectedly for sick at routine inspection or the reference to the doctor concerning other disease. During this period diameter of a tumour usually already reaches 2 - 5 see The central form. Knot of a dense consistence, more often painless-, its surface rough, contours indistinct. Rugosity of a skin over a tumour can already appear at early stages of a cancer. This symptom specifies that the tumour grows most intensively in a direction to a skin, sprouting fatty and located in it connecting sheaves. In process of increase in the size of tumoral knot sheaves are involved - in process on an extent and occurs skin - a symptom "". Owing to cancer cages a lymphatic texture there is a skin hypostasis and a dummy. Nipple deformation, it - come to light at tumour distribution on channels (a symptom of Pribrama).

Diagnosis Statement Is Helped By Reaction Of Vassermana,

Diagnosis statement is helped by reaction of Vassermana, cytologic - research of prints from ulcer edges. Treatment . a mammary gland meets seldom, can be primary and secondary At primary the activator - gets to a mammary gland through a skin or on to lacteal channels At secondary the activator on falls in a mammary gland a way from amazed edges, a pleura, a lung. The clinic and diagnostics disease begins with occurrence on a place of introduction of a fungus of small small knots and abscesses - In the subsequent stage small knots merge in dense which then are softened by places. After opening - of abscesses are formed it is long not healing fistulas. The diagnosis put on the basis of the anamnesis ( other bodies) and detection a congestion a radiant fungus in - from fistulas. Treatment: a resection of the amazed site of a mammary gland, , the big doses of penicillin, - therapy, , . Lactation infringement - a total absence of milk at the feeding woman the Great value is given to lactation regulation-.

The Heaviest Complications In The Sharp Period Quite

The heaviest complications in the sharp period quite often causing a lethal outcome are abscess break in a pleural cavity with development strained a bleeding in a bronchial tree owing to which to come pus in not amazed sites of a bronchial tree and development of new abscesses formation of abscesses in the remote bodies more often in a brain. Medical actions are defined by character of complications at development strained it is necessary urgent for a pleural cavity at a bleeding in bronchial tubes a tree as emergency action is shown by a tube that allows to warn blood in bronchial tubes of not amazed lung. Further haemostatic therapy is spent. In the presence of corresponding a condition operation is expedient - bronchial arteries of the amazed lung which the bleeding in respiratory ways most often causes again formed abscesses in a lung treat in with the principles stated above, therapies of abscesses of a lung treat metastatic abscesses under the standard scheme (early opening of an abscess rational antibacterial therapy and ) CHRONIC ABSCESS OF THE LUNG To the chronic carry abscesses of lungs at which - pathological process does not come to the end within 2 months Aetiology of the reason of transition of a sharp abscess in chronic it is possible to divide on two groups.

On A Forward Surface Of A Neck There

On a forward surface of a neck there is a swelling displaced at swallowing. Heavy complication is development purulent . The sepsis Sometimes develops. That is why all patients - accept hospitalisation for the purpose of active treatment. Treatment: appoint antibiotics; at abscess formation its opening in order to avoid distribution of purulent process on a neck and is shown. Not purulent ( Kervena - Krajla) is caused by a virus infection. Disease on clinical displays is similar with purulent . - Differs that the skin over gland is not changed and in an aggravation - there are signs (it is raised ). Treatment: appoint hormones of a bark of adrenal glands (20 - 30 mg in day during 4 - 6 ). At repeated relapses it is shown on thyroid gland area. The forecast: usually favorable. Disease quickly - comes to an end with recover. Chronic Hashimoto. Disease carry to to pathological processes at which the antibodies formed in an organism, - are specific in relation to components of one body. At under the influence of the unknown reasons the thyroid gland starts to produce Hashimoto changed gormonalno-inactive -, different from .

The Stage III Is Characterised By Development Of

The stage III is characterised by development of complications - and suppurations , is very frequent with its break in a bronchial tube. Complications: as a result of hit in bronchial tubes of healthy departments - of lungs a liquid and covers of bubbles can - come . sometimes breaks in a pleura, a - pericardium, a belly cavity that is accompanied by a heavy shock owing to toxic influence on the device and toxic liquids; during this period - quite often appear on a skin. Subsequently Occurs a serous surface and inflammation development. Rupture can be accompanied by a heavy - bleeding. At presence a lung patients quite often mark the rise in temperature of a body caused - by an inflammation. At a suppuration the body temperature - raises to 38 - 39� and long time keeps. At rupture its purulent contents with the rests of covers , and clear the throat. Diagnostics: at survey of a thorax sick - a lung ' to see this or that department, change of intercostal intervals in comparison with the - healthy party.

It Is Characterised By The General Weakness, -

it is characterised by the general weakness, - constant feeling of weariness, apathy, drowsiness, the general block of patients. The skin becomes dry, wrinkled, . Hair start to drop out, there are pains in finitenesses-, sexual function weakens. Treatment: appoint and other preparations - of a thyroid gland. With development of microsurgical technics and - successes of immunology began to carry out - thyroid gland allotransplantation-, using a transplant on a vascular leg. Apply - also free slices of a fabric of gland under a skin, in a muscle, however these operations usually give temporary effect, therefore in practice apply basically replaceable therapy. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES The inflammatory process developing in a thyroid gland not changed before, name , and developing against a craw - . The development reason and is the sharp or chronic infection. Sharp or begins with rise in temperature - of a body, a headache and a severe pain in a thyroid gland-. A pain in occipital area and an ear.

Appears Breath Later. To Specify Features Of Defeat

Appears breath later. To specify features of defeat the tomography made necessarily in direct and lateral projections, and also helps, and at presence - bottom . Treatment: spend through the narrowed site and leave (within 1 year) a tube or expand a site . At failure of these actions operation is shown. At trachea narrowing in a cervical part performance of reconstructive operation with a skin rag, free and bone - transplants is possible-. At narrowing localisation in chest department of a trachea a unique radical method of treatment is the circular resection of the narrowed site of a trachea with - its subsequent restoration - the end in the end. Secondary stenoses. Can be caused developmental anomalies, and also the pathological processes - developing in adjacent bodies and fabrics (a craw, , an abscess, tumours of a neck and ). The Most frequent reason a stenosis of a trachea at adults is the craw. Along with gradual infringement of passableness of a trachea at it can arise sharp , caused by fast increase in the sizes of a craw at a hemorrhage or an inflammation .

Lung Syphilis Carry To Rare Forms Of A

Lung syphilis carry to rare forms of a pulmonary pathology It it is observed mainly in a combination to others by syphilis displays, mainly defeats - of heart and vessels to the Thicket meets in the form of the sclerous form, development and the Most frequent localisation of a syphilis of a lung - the bottom share of the right lung is possible. Patolotichesky anatomy - of change are various (a pneumonia, , ) Prominent feature of syphilitic defeats of lungs is formations round vessels, growths of an intershare and interalveolar - connecting fabric. Clinic and diagnostics: usually sick complain of stitches, behind a breast, more often the most intensive at night process Development begins, as a rule, gradually, without the sharp phenomena, at normal or to a body temperature. usually it is not enough, it of an unpleasant smell, are frequent . The radiological picture of a syphilis of lungs is diverse. As syphilis signs consider: lungs, the - drawing corresponding , limited, not so intensive blackouts at , more expressed blackouts - at a pneumonia.

The Chronic Abscess Is Formed. Plural Abscesses Are

The chronic abscess is formed. Plural abscesses are preceded usually by widespread - inflammatory process in a lung. On this background in several sites occurs a pulmonary fabric. Sites - are exposed to purulent fusion at various times, break - of abscesses in a bronchial tree occurs . At plural abscesses an outcome of the sharp period we are - formation of the several cavities surrounded with a thick cover from and of a fabric. The lung fabric between abscesses does not restore the normal structure. For a lung gangrene it is characteristic restrictions - of the changed pulmonary fabric from the healthy. The site fabrics without sharp borders passes in a pulmonary fabric of dark colour which also without a clear boundary passes in a healthy fabric. Clinic and diagnostics: at typically proceeding forms of disease in a clinical picture it is possible to allocate two periods: 1) the period before abscess opening in a bronchial tube, 2) the period after opening in a bronchial tube. Disease usually begins with symptoms, characteristic for a pneumonia: the body temperature raises, there are stitches at a deep breath, cough.

In A Pleural Cavity With Full - Confidence

in a pleural cavity with full - confidence it is possible to define at the maintenance in it not less than 250 - 300 ml . If contents of a pleural cavity is - only , the top border of dullness corresponds to a line of Ellisa - Damuazo - the Sokolov very big congestions of pus in a pleura lead to displacement in the healthy party. Therefore below at a backbone on not amazed party the - shortening site a sound (a triangle of Grokko - Rauhfussa) is defined the triangular form. In process of accumulation in a pleural cavity the liquid gradually pushes aside and upwards an air lung, partially it departments. Such a lung it is expressed by occurrence over a - line of Damuazo at a sound (a phenomenon of Shkoda). At mouth opening this sound amplifies and gets a characteristic sound of the broken pot. At small limited pus congestions to establish sometimes it is very difficult. At the data is typical - dullness with the top horizontal border and a sound over it according to air congestion. reveals easing or nearly so a total absence - of respiratory noise in places of the greatest congestion -.

Distinguish Them From Peripheral Very Slow Growth, Accurate

Distinguish them from peripheral very slow growth, accurate contours. However the definitive diagnosis is possible only after - histologic or cytologic research. have accurately roundish form, homogeneous structure, usually come to light at young age. At and the message with a bronchial tube contain air, a liquid with - horizontal level. differentiate from a cancer on the basis of the data of the anamnesis, features of a radiological picture (one or several oval homogeneous shades in a lung with equal - contours, presence "a symptom ", a phenomenon "subkapsuljarno th "), positive reaction of Kazoni or the latex-agglutination test. Sometimes there is a necessity to spend the differential diagnosis between a cancer of a lung and a tumour . and differ a slow current, on roentgenograms - look like the roundish or lobular formations - which are settling down in forward . In tumours sometimes find out a - teeth, fragments of bones, in walls the centres -. settle down in forward , have the oval - form.

Besides, Allocate So-called A Cancer Characterised By Fast

Besides, allocate so-called a cancer characterised by fast development of metastasises of a tumour in - lymph nodes in the presence of a small tumour in a lung. The stage of development of tumoral process is defined on system. - a primary tumour. THAT is not present signs of primary tumour Tis - noninvasive a cancer 1 The tumour on the greatest diameter of 3 sm or is less, surrounded with a fabric of a lung or a pleura and without signs of defeat of a bronchial tree a share bronchial tube at 2 The tumour, which greatest diameter exceeds 3 sm, or a tumour of any the size), causing , or on root area. distribution a tumour should not outpass 2 sm Atelektaz or should cover not all lung, should not be a tumour of any size with direct distribution on adjacent bodies (a diaphragm, a chest wall, ) At tumour border is defined all in 2 sm , or the tumour causes - or ) all lung, or is available pleural - the diagnosis is confirmed by cytologic research , but the tumour is not found out or or is inaccessible you to the phenomenon (research methods cannot be applied) Regionarnye lymph nodes.

Clinical Displays Are Caused - By Joining Of

Clinical displays are caused - by joining of an infection and inflammation development in the expanded bronchial tubes. Patients mark cough with , frequent diseases, a short wind. The most informative method of treatment at a lung or its share is . At simple reduction of volume of a lung or its share, narrowing of a gleam of bronchial tubes accurately comes to light. At , besides reduction of volume of a lung or its share, are visible to a cavity with which segmentary and subsegmentary bronchial tubes come to an end. Treatment: treatment is possible only by a resection - of the changed part of a lung. Congenital stenoses of bronchial tubes. This developmental anomaly is observed seldom. As well as at a trachea stenosis, two forms - - distinguish the - stenoses arising at pressure from the outside (branches - of vessels and ), and the stenoses caused by formation of an internal diaphragm, interfering normal ventilation of a lung or its share. Disease symptoms depend on stenosis localisation.

At Women The Mammary Gland Cancer Is On

At women the mammary gland cancer is on the second place after a uterus cancer. The cancer of a mammary gland at men meets seldom (0,2 on 100000 man's population). Most often the cancer of a mammary gland at women is observed at the age of 50 - 60 years. Aetiology: as the reasons of development of a cancer of a mammary gland consider a combination of several factors: nasledstvenno-genetic - predisposition, a hormonal disbalance, insufficiency - reproductive and functions, organic diseases sexual and bodies, change from outside nervous system. The basic hormonal factor is increase activity, superfluous synthesis of sexual hormones or their introduction from the outside that stimulates - mammary glands from it . Chronic inflammatory changes in female genitals, sharp a mastitis - leading to the termination of a lactation, frustration menstrualno-ovarialnoj functions also are of great importance in occurrence - of a cancer of a mammary gland. The virus nature of a cancer of a mammary gland at the person is not proved.

At Come To Light Cylindrical Within One Pulmonary

At come to light cylindrical within one pulmonary segment. II. A suppuration Stage . Can be subdivided - into two periods: disease proceeds clinically as a purulent bronchitis with aggravations in a kind , - disease proceeds with the expressed symptoms - illnesses, cough constant, with allocation purulent from 100 to 200 ml/sut, quite often happen and bleedings-; aggravations in a kind 2 - 3 times a year. - There is a purulent intoxication, respiratory insufficiency At radiological research find out extended + (1 - 2 shares), sites a pulmonary fabric; during the aggravation periods - pneumonia focuses. III. The Stage . Also can be subdivided into two periods: a heavy current of disease with the expressed purulent - intoxication of Mokrota purulent to 500 - 600 ml/sut; often , pulmonary bleedings, appear partially reversible - infringements of function of a liver and kidneys. - reveal set , a widespread pneumosclerosis, displacement towards the amazed lung; the same, and also heavy frustration of warm - activity, respiratory insufficiency, irreversible dystrophic - changes of a liver and kidneys At patients with illness in II stage - of development work capacity is sharply lowered, in III stage - patients are invalid, often intolerant in a life owing to an unpleasant smell of exhaled air and considerable quantity allocation .

Brassieres And Underwear Should Be Pure, Cotton-. The

Brassieres and underwear should be pure, cotton-. The bruise of mammary glands can cause development of hypodermic or deep hematomas. At deeply located hematomas a cart development is possible. At hematomas - Replacement by a cicatricial fabric fatty causes mammary gland deformation, skin. These changes can be accepted for signs of a cancer of a mammary gland. To mammary gland give the raised position by means of a bandage At formation , Cicatricial changes - spend a resection of the amazed site of a mammary gland with - obligatory histologic research of a macropreparation. NONSPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND Mastitis - inflammatory disease of a mammary gland. On a current the mastitis can be sharp and chronic. Usually - develops in one mammary gland; the bilateral mastitis is observed - seldom. Sharp mastitis. At 80 - 90 % of women the sharp mastitis is necessary on a mastitis developing in the postnatal period at feeding women. Arises in the first month after a first labour is more often.

On Cross-section Cuts Depending On Fabric Density, I.e.

On cross-section cuts depending on fabric density, i.e. From degree of absorption of x-ray radiation, it is possible to distinguish accurately tumours (more dense sites), , abscesses, a liquid congestion in a pleural cavity, presence of changes in at germination in it tumours of a lung or metastasises in lymph nodes. - radiological research after - filling of bronchial tubes with contrast substance - is of great importance for diagnostics and localisation specification , residual - cavities after the transferred abscess of a lung, fistulas, Cicatricial stenoses of bronchial tubes. Simultaneous - videorecording or filming considerably expand method possibilities. If necessary in details - to study only certain site of a bronchial tree apply directed which make by means of special Meter or "operated" . For the prevention so-called a pneumonia which - can develop after research, expediently use - in a mix with a preparation or - water-soluble contrast substances. - contrast research of vessels - of a lung.

A Toxic Craw Comes To Light Distinguish On

a toxic craw comes to light distinguish on degree - of increase in a thyroid gland (0 - V degrees) and on weight of a clinical course - easy, average and heavy forms. Classification on severity level. The easy form - the neurasthenia phenomena (feeling of weariness, irritability, tearfulness, sensitivity) are unsharply expressed. Thyroid gland increase, labile pulse - from 80 to 100 in minute, a weak tremor of hands. A small weight loss (less 0 % of weight of a body). Work capacity decrease in second half of day. The basic exchange does not exceed +30 %. average weight - the expressed frustration of functions of the central nervous system (easy excitability, - irritability, tearfulness). The Pulse rate 100 - 120 in minute, increase pressure, expansion of heart with warm insufficiency of I degree on Lang. Considerable decrease in weight of a body, work capacity decrease during the day. The basic exchange is raised to +60 %. The heavy form - along with frustration of nervous system, characteristic for - moderate severity level, sharp muscular weakness, heavy infringements of function of cardiovascular system, dystrophic infringements in bodies develop.

Settle Down Mostly In Back , Slowly Increase

settle down mostly in back , slowly increase in sizes, have the roundish form, are closely connected with a chest wall that comes to light at - introduction in a pleural cavity of a small amount of air. Quite often happens difficultly to distinguish - from a central cancer in a lung root. At other groups - of lymph nodes are often increased also-. The finding in from them Berezovsky-Shternberga cages confirms the diagnosis . - In the absence of the increased peripheral lymph nodes for diagnosis specification it is shown with one of the amazed lymph nodes. Treatment: a treatment principal view is operative (radical , ). Contra-indications to it can be caused the general condition of the patient: 1) the - sharp exhaustion that usually testifies to metastasises in other bodies; 2) obviously expressed, not giving in therapies legochno-warm or warm insufficiency; 3) the irreversible, sharply expressed changes of function of a liver and kidneys; 4) old age in the presence of the expressed age changes.

- Arising Thus It Is Accompanied By Heavy

- Arising thus it is accompanied by heavy frustration which can be characterised as a shock. The shock reasons are irritation of receptors of a pleura - atmospheric air, bacterial toxins, the top hollow vein, breath frustration. Receipt of toxins in a - pleural cavity and the subsequent them causes the general heavy with defeat of a myocardium, a liver, kidneys. - leads to emission , direct stimulation simpatiko-adrenalovoj systems, same promotes -, developing owing to in a pleural cavity. Under the influence of products bacteria there is a - clearing plasma that causes - microcirculation infringements-, haemodynamic infringements from which the cores - are increase in peripheral resistance, - reduction of warm emission. Deterioration of blood circulation of kidneys and - bodies of a belly cavity quickly leads to metabolic - frustration-dekompensirovannomu . Sharp the top hollow vein develops in the presence of - strained which is possible if the wall of a cavity of the opened abscess of a lung forms similarity of the valve passing air only in a pleural cavity.

Disease Usually Arises At Young Age. Men And

Disease usually arises at young age. Men and women are ill equally often. Aetiology and : seldom have a congenital origin. Usually in such cases they are combined - with other developmental anomalies, for example, with a sinusitis, a return arrangement of bodies, a pancreas (a syndrome of Kartagenera); developmental anomalies of vertebras and edges, gullet expansion (a syndrome of Turpina) and a number of other - developmental anomalies. However at the overwhelming majority of patients are the acquired disease developing - often after transferred a pneumonia, a whooping cough, a bronchitis, foreign matters. Development is promoted by following factors: 1) changes properties of a wall of a bronchial tube of the congenital or got character; 2) corking of a gleam of a bronchial tube owing to a - mucous membrane hypostasis, a tumour, a purulent stopper, a - foreign matter; 3) increase of intrabronchial pressure. Depending on prevalence of this or that factor - arise , combined with parts of a lung or without it.

Pay Also Attention To Presence - Of Changes

Pay also attention to presence - of changes in area of a root of a lung Expressed fibrous and the changes which have been found out at , often are in the obvious contradiction with a good condition of the patient. The definitive diagnosis is helped research- -rezkopolozhitelnaja by reaction of Vassermana. At difficulties in the differential diagnosis apply specific therapy which at a syphilis gives fast therapeutic effect. Treatment: the conservative. Surgical intervention on at irreversible consequences of a syphilis: at proof cicatricial changes of bronchial tubes with formation or stenoses of bronchial tubes, . lungs can be caused radiant fungus Actinomyces bostroem which gets to respiratory ways at chewing of cones of cereals; however more often its activator is Actinomyces Wolf - Israel which in oral cavities at fangs, in teeth and from here gets to respiratory ways. Consider, however, probable more frequent distribution in lungs from a belly cavity through a diaphragm or through a gullet, to a drink and .

External Its Leaf Covers A Thorax From Within,

External its leaf covers a thorax from within, and internal densely grows together from different directions with a fabric of a lung In the field of a root easy both leaves of a pleura pass one in another, and from top to bottom from a lung root the pulmonary sheaf is formed in a kind pleurae. Below free edge it almost reaches a diaphragm. In to a pleura distinguish costal, and parts. The costal pleura covers from within edges, interedges muscles and with which it is connected by a layer friable . It facilitates - lung allocation together with a pleura at unions. In the bottom departments of a chest cavity there are the spaces which volume changes at breath. These spaces are formed by leaves pleurae To them carry reberno-diafragmalnyj a sine located in a place of transition of a pleura in costal, a reberno-median sine, lying at a place of transition of a costal pleura in . Between pleura leaves in norm 20-25 ml of a liquid, unobstructed movement of a lung contain at the breath certificate.

At Opened There Is A Free Message Of

At opened there is a free message of a pleural cavity with atmospheric Sdavlenie of a lung atmospheric air (a lung collapse) on the party causes development of so-called paradoxical breath At a breath air in a lung of the healthy party gets not only from an environment, but also from a lung on the damage party, at an exhalation the part of air from a healthy lung gets to a lung on the damage party, inflating it Thus a little, at opened having fallen down a lung makes weak respiratory movements, the return to a lung on the healthy party As a result depth of breath sharply decreases, pulmonary ventilation is broken and develops . Owing to irritation extensive pleura fields come heavy reflex infringements of breath and warm activity, quite often there is a flotation Death comes from and infringements of warm activity. Treatment: first aid is reduced to imposing a bandage tightly closing a wound, conducting in a pleural cavity. Necessary medical action is wounds of a chest wall with the subsequent air and accumulating in a pleural cavity .

At A Heavy Current Of A Sharp Mastitis

At a heavy current of a sharp mastitis suppression of a lactation by preparations, secretion (a - combination of preparations of an estrogen with ) is shown-. At a purulent mastitis abscess opening is necessary. Operation carry out under anaesthetic that provides good audit and an abscess, only at small hypodermic abscesses probably application of local anaesthesia. A cut do depending on abscess localisation: at under skin and abscesses - , at - bow-shaped on edge , at on a transitive fold. During operation it is necessary to remove all fabrics and to liquidate become numb. An abscess cavity wash out an antibacterial solution and dvuhpro-svetnoj a drainage tube, a wound sew up, through a drainage the - next days carry out cavity washing. a purulent wound the rubber tube, calculated on passive outflow of pus, as a rule, cannot provide sufficient - effect. It is necessary to consider a punktsionnyj method of treatment of a sharp mastitis vicious as through a needle it is good to sanify a purulent cavity it is not possible.

In Dependence O Degrees Of The Specified Frustration

In dependence o degrees of the specified frustration of the patient can complain of a short wind, palpitation, sometimes stitches. At objective research it is visible a face skin, brushes of hands, at heavy frustration of breath to it accompany - pallor, cold Hoi, a tachycardia. At a thorax over area of a congestion of air define , breath is not spent or sharply weakened. helps to specify the diagnosis. At spontaneous the lung collapse while at , reaching even very big sizes, lightness of a pulmonary fabric remains is visible. Treatment: depends on character and volume . At asymptomatic small (within 5 - 20 % of a pleural cavity) special medical actions are not required. Air is usually soaked up within several days and the lung finishes independently. Sometimes happens it is necessary to accelerate evacuation of air 1 - 2 pleural punctures. If, despite the made punctures, - it is kept, it is necessary on 2 - 3 days a pleural cavity. A rubber drainage usually spend in the second - the third on lines with the help .

Rezetsirovannyj Sector Direct For Histologic Research - After

Rezetsirovannyj sector direct for histologic research - after which the question on the further tactics is dealt with. The international classification of a cancer - of a mammary gland At definition of a stage of disease consider degree of distribution of process ( - tumour), a condition lymph nodes (N - nodulus) and presence of the remote metastasises (M - metastasis). - a primary tumour. Tis - . (carcinoma in situ), or a nipple cancer (a cancer of Pedzheta) when the tumour in a mammary gland is not defined. THAT - the tumour in a mammary gland is not defined. 1 - The tumour in diameter to 2 see 2 - A tumour in diameter from 2 to 5 sm, the cancer of Pedzheta extending for limits a dummy. - the tumour in diameter from 5 to 10 see 4 - A tumour in diameter more than 10 sm or the defeat of a skin surpassing the sizes of a tumour. N - lymph nodes. NO - axillary lymph nodes on the defeat party are not palpated. N1 - Axillary lymph nodes on the defeat party are palpated, dense. N2 _ axillary lymph nodes on the defeat party big, are connected among themselves, the mobile.

Calculation Of Absolute Quantity In 1 Is Necessary

Calculation of absolute quantity in 1 is necessary thus for blood. A widespread method is also in vitro under influence or in . Exact enough representation about a condition gives to reactance of patients research of indicators about the test culture . Define following indicators: 1) - activity of leukocytes peripheral blood (in percentage - active leukocytes on 100 counted up), 2) a completeness indicator - number percentage microbes to total number (on 100 phagocytes), 3) - the average of the microbes - grasped by a phagocyte Decrease of these indicators at dynamic research testifies to decrease protection of an organism and specifies number - in necessity of its stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE TRACHEA tracheas consists in partial or a trachea total absence. The child with this developmental anomaly perishes right after births. The congenital stenosis of a trachea can be primary owing to narrowing of a gleam of a trachea or secondary at it from the outside of increased gland, congenital -, abnormal vessels etc.

Metastasises In Lymph Nodes Are Frequent. The Diagnosis

Metastasises in lymph nodes are frequent. The diagnosis base on the data of clinical and cytologic researches . At early stages of disease it is shown radical on Holstedu. In the presence of metastasises the combined - and complex therapy is shown-. The greatest effect gives with the subsequent therapy . MAMMARY GLAND SARCOMA Malignant tumour; makes nearby 1 % of all malignant - tumours of a mammary gland. A consistence of a tumour from soft to . Tumour borders long time remain accurate. In late terms there is a communication of a tumour with a nipple and a skin, metastasises in lymph nodes. The sarcoma reaches the big size. Consists of one or several knots as though merging together. Cytologic research confirms the diagnosis. Treatment: surgical, combined with beam and - chemotherapy at observance of the same principles, as at a mammary gland cancer. TRACHEA, LUNGS, PLEURA The right and left lungs occupy the most part of a thorax and under the form are similar on in planes a cone. Each lung is concluded in a pleural bag.

At A Lung Cancer This Symptom Is Described

At a lung cancer this symptom is described by Fried. At a local - emphysema - , and at hypoventilation or - - shortening a sound over the amazed part of a lung. Bronhoskopichesky research gives the chance to reveal - tumour presence in a gleam of a bronchial tube and to make . Peribronhialnye tumours. The bronchial tube gleam at these tumours long time remains well passed, therefore, except strengthening of cough, nothing disturbs patients. At radiological research during this period it is possible to find out expansion of a root of a lung, presence of knot of a tumour, - looking like "a goose pad". At in the beginning comes to light only bronchial tube walls that complicates - diagnostics. In process of narrowing of a gleam of a bronchial tube by a tumour - hypoventilation, and then a pulmonary fabric with - displays typical - for them develops--: body rise in temperature, a short wind-, etc. At a cancer quite often first expression - of disease attracting attention of the patient, the - symptoms caused of a tumour in lymph nodes or remote bodies (quite often backbone, head and a spinal cord with characteristic neurologic - semiology) are--.

Sometimes Treatment By Iodine Strengthens Proliferativ Th Processes

Sometimes treatment by iodine strengthens proliferativ th processes in a mammary gland that can be connected with fabrics and increase in development - of an estrogen. The medical effect in this case can - be reached ( or ). At insufficiency of function of a yellow body in second half a cycle apply a progesterone. Preventive maintenance: timely treatment of infringements of functions - of glands of internal secretion, the frustration of female sexual sphere promoting occurrence . - disease of mammary glands at men. At boys it can be observed at - gormonalno-active tumours of sexual glands. Development can be observed at infringement of function of a hypophysis, a bark of adrenal glands, to meet at a cirrhosis-. Clinical forms : it is characteristic for young men, central meets at people of mature age. Treatment: should be directed on normalisation of functions - bodies. At the forms which are not giving in - to hormonal treatment, delete a mammary gland with nipple preservation urgent histologic research of a macropreparation Is necessary.

Laboratory Data Depends More On A Stage Of

Laboratory data depends more on a stage of development of disease-. It is quite often possible to note (more than 4 %), at a suppuration - increase , . To diagnosis statement appreciably (more than at 75 % of patients) helps test of Kazoni at which into thickness of a skin of a forearm enter 0,1 ml sterile a liquid (antigene), into a skin of other forearm for the control enter the same quantity of an isotonic solution of chloride - of sodium. At the patient through 30 mines - Zch round an introduction place liquids appear , hypostases and a skin itch which keep from several o'clock to 1 - 2 days Confirm the diagnosis also positive reaction of latex-agglutination. At it observe agglutination by antibodies - of particles of latex on which surface the antigene is adsorbed. Combination of presence of the roundish form of a shade to equal contours in a lung in a x-ray picture and positive test of Kazoni or the Latex-test do the diagnosis doubtless. At negative test the differential diagnosis spend - between , , peripheral -, i.

These Receptions Give The Chance To Define, -

These receptions give the chance to define, - whether the form and the sizes of mammary glands are identical, whether at one level mammary glands and dummies, whether have appeared changes in area of a nipple and , skin, swellings. Palpation of mammary glands and axillary hollows. - it is facilitated in position on a back. At inspection - of an external half of right mammary gland it is necessary to put under the right shovel a small pillow or the small platen from a towel, the right hand to extend along a trunk. Palpation make finger-tips of the left hand. Soft circular motions of a hand, slightly pressing on a mammary gland, feel all its departments. At first survey the mammary gland centre (- nipple area-), and then feel it, following from a nipple in a direction to - external edge of a mammary gland on radius up, then -, downwards. At palpation of an internal half of right mammary gland it is necessary to put the right hand under a head, and inspection to spend the left hand in the same sequence - from the centre to internal edge of a mammary gland on radius up, then , downwards.

PLEURA The Pathological Processes Causing Morphological It From

PLEURA The pathological processes causing morphological it from and infringements of function, are diverse Distinguish grasses pleura damages, inflammatory processes, pair diseases and pleura new growths TRAUMATIC DAMAGES of the PLEURA Pleura damages arise at the closed trauma of a thorax or its getting wounds, can be accompanied by one temporarily damage of a chest wall, a pulmonary fabric or other bodies, a congestion to a pleural cavity of air ( a cancer), blood , blood and air , liquids , accumulation , pus , pus and air . Development with the subsequent blood or in a pleural cavity can owing to a trauma, and also at break in a pleural cavity , an abscess or a lung, - destruction of a wall of a bronchial tube at disintegration of a tumour or tubercular hectare and can be result seams of an operational wound or their divergence at a suppuration On the end, it can be created is artificial with the diagnostic or medical purpose On character of the message with an environment and opened As special forms allocate and strained Opened .

The Thyroid Gland Increase At Can Reach Various

The thyroid gland increase at can reach various degree, its sizes do not correspond to weight of clinical displays. Sometimes thyroid gland increases it is not defined at all. The most expressed clinical - displays mark at a toxic craw. The basic symptoms are changes from outside nervous and cardiovascular system. Frustration from outside the central nervous system are shown by the raised - mental excitability, anxiety, unmotivated - mood swings, irritability and tearfulness-. Sharp increase of activity of sympathetic nervous - system is accompanied , a tremor of all body and fingers of hands (a symptom of Mari). The person often reddens, - becomes covered by red stains which extend on a neck and a breast. A body temperature constantly . Suhozhilnye reflexes are live and . Hair drop out, their colour changes, fragility of nails is marked. Pulse labile, becomes frequent at the slightest mental and physical activities. Changes of arterial pressure are observed - pressure raises owing to have withdrawn warm emission and volume of circulating blood, and dia-stolicheskoe decreases in connection with reduction of a vascular tone as a result insufficiency.

RESEARCH METHODS Objective Data About The Form, The

RESEARCH METHODS Objective data about the form, the sizes, the consistence and - mobility of a thyroid gland can receive at survey and glands. Even at small increase in a thyroid gland survey allows to establish craw presence, its localisation -(the right or left share, gland isthmus, "a diving" craw), its mobility at movements, character of hyperplastic process (central, a craw). At zagrudin th craw swelling of veins of a neck and a forward surface of a thorax is often visible. Besides, already survey allows to reveal - symptoms, characteristic for infringement of function of a thyroid gland (uneasy behaviour of the patient, eye symptoms, trembling of hands, etc.). glands are better for spending in position of the patient sitting a back to the doctor, with slightly inclined head forward and downwards. In such position of a muscle of a neck relax also gland becomes - more accessible to research. Four fingers of each hand have on gland, and thumbs cover a neck behind. During time glands of the patient ask to do movements.

At Older Persons In A Trachea Calcium Salts

At older persons in a trachea calcium salts are postponed. It at radiological research gives more dense shade. The expanded aorta, , tumours can displace it aside. The right main bronchial tube departs from a trachea under more acute angle, than left, and is as though its continuation It conducts to more frequent hit in a branch of the right main bronchial tube of foreign matters, emetic weights the - Lymph nodes located under of a trachea, at presence in them of metastasises do a corner of division of bronchial tubes by more stupid, round off its top Over the left bronchial tube there is an aorta arch, over right, being thrown through it, an unpaired vein (v. azygos) which joins the top hollow vein. The main bronchial tubes share on share, right - on three, left - on two branches Continuing to share on segmentary and subsegmentary, they decrease in diameter, pass in small bronchial tubes, and then in . Lungs lungs share a deep furrow on two unequal shares - top and bottom. Besides, in the right lung the top share shares in addition on top and average.

DAMAGES OF LUNGS Damages Of Lungs Can Be

DAMAGES OF LUNGS Damages of lungs can be opened and closed. Damages of bronchial tubes as well as trachea damage, happen a consequence of the closed trauma at bruises and a thorax during time failures and other road incidents is more often. Symptoms sometimes appear only at development of a stenosis of the bronchial tube which has arisen on a place of rupture At cross-section rupture of a bronchial tube by an outcome can be a lung or a share, the pneumonia, found out at radiological research In other supervision a trauma causes a grave condition of the patient: the shock, cough, , development strained -, the Definitive diagnosis put emphysemas on the basis of the data . Treatment depends on terms of statement of the diagnosis at rupture - of bronchial tubes At the early diagnosis if the condition a pain allows, make emergency operation-ushivanie rupture or at extensive damages reconstructive operation. At impossibility of its performance in connection with weight of a condition - of the victim in the beginning a pleural cavity, , spend antishock therapy If bronchial tube rupture diagnose late at developed , make the operation which volume is defined by a condition of a lung or its share In case of irreversible changes the resection of a share or all lung is shown.